The wave of IR 4.0 has created a competitive environment by transforming the industry in both technical and managerial aspects. Many studies have highlighted the need for a radical shift of conventional design processes in the concept of BIM as a management and collaboration platform. Hence, an effective strategy for the BIM implementation process is needed by developing different BIM capabilities in different cascades of BIM stages. The aim of this study is mainly to investigate BIM capabilities developed by current architectural practices. Six BIM capabilities identified from extensive literature review were Design Authoring, Design Visualisation and Simulation, Design Coordination and Review, Constructability Analysis, Project Changes Management, and Collaboration and Coordination. Each BIM capability were studied according to different BIM activities that must be performed. The The findings revealed different BIM capabilities acquired by the architectural firms in three different BIM stages. For architectural firms in stage 1 BIM implementation, the most acquired BIM capability are Design Authoring, Design Visualisation and Simulation and Constructability Analysis. In BIM stage 2 practices, Constructability Analysis, Collaboration and Coordination, and Design Authoring capabilities were developed. The practices which claimed to be in stage 3 BIM dominated in terms of Design Visualisation and Simulation, Collaboration and Coordination and Design Authoring. The current BIM capabilities will be the basis to suggest critical BIM capabilities that current architectural practices in Malaysia should seek.
Studies related to measuring the benefits of BIM become a new sensation. However, the reported values are highly inconsistent as there are no standards to benchmark the benefits according to different returning values. This paper presents a critical review of various factors that may affect the benefits to be measured from BIM. The review of previous studies aims to propose a novel classification approach for BIM benefits as a theoretical basis for further validation. The objective of this study is to explore BIM benefit returning factors. A total of 17 sources from peer-reviewed journals and various grey literature are included in the review with no time limit. From the underlying theories of Benefit Realisation Management (BRM) and the Benefit Identification Model, it is found that there are several factors that can be used to determine and classify the benefits of BIM for measurement purposes. An ontology of Benefit Determining Factor is proposed consisting of four (4) main dimensions, namely project context, stakeholder, time, and type using thematic analysis. The result is an attempt to make a theoretical breakthrough that introduces the existence of various BIM benefit influencing factors into the body of knowledge. These factors will provide researchers and analysts greater insight into more accurate measurement of BIM outcomes.
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