In terms of food irradiation, ionizing radiation in the form of gamma radiation or electron beam is currently allowed and employed as a non-thermal procedure for ensuring food safety and quality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of radiation on viability of certain isolated food borne pathogenic bacteria like E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis in meat products. In food irradiation, the requested dose of D10 value to inactivate 90% of microbial population was 0.39, 0.49, 0.45, 0.54, and 0.57 kGy, being exposed to gamma radiation, and 0.41, 0.52, 0.48, 0.58, and 0.63 kGy for electron beam respectively suggesting that gamma radiation is more efficient than electron beam irradiation. The effect of radiation on the bacterial load have been assessed by injecting the smoky turkey samples with a cocktail of above mentioned bacteria in presence of natural microflora, and then subjected to 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 kGy. These bacteria were inhibited to undetectable levels (˂10 CFU/g) and total bacterial counts were greatly reduced at 4.0 kGy from either gamma or an electron beam radiation, indicating that this irradiation dose can be used to control some foodborne pathogenic bacteria of public health concern. E. coli was the most sensitive tested bacteria to irradiation, whereas Enterococcus faecalis was the most resistant.
In this research, we proposes a new method for cooperation and underlay mode selection in cognitive radio networks. We characterize the maximum achievable throughput of our proposed method of hybrid spectrum sharing. Hybrid spectrum sharing is assumed where the Secondary User (SU) can access the Primary User (PU) channel in two modes, underlay mode or cooperative mode with admission control. In addition to access the channel in the overlay mode, secondary user is allowed to occupy the channel currently occupied by the primary user but with small transmission power. Adding the underlay access modes attains more opportunities to the secondary user to transmit data. It is proposed that the secondary user can only exploits the underlay access when the channel of the primary user direct link is good or predicted to be in non-outage state. Therefore, the secondary user could switch between underlay spectrum sharing and cooperation with the primary user. Hybrid access is regulated through monitoring the state of the primary link. By observing the simulation results, the proposed model attains noticeable improvement in the system performance in terms of maximum secondary user throughput than the conventional cooperation and non-cooperation schemes.
Abstract-This paper investigates the maximum stable throughput of a cooperative cognitive radio system with energy harvesting Primary User (PU) and Secondary User (SU). Each PU and SU has a data queue for data storage and a battery for energy storage. These batteries harvest energy from the environment and store it for data transmission in next time slots. The SU is allowed to access the PU channel only when the PU is idle. The SU cooperates with the PU for its data transmission, getting mutual benefits for both users, such that, the PU exploits the SU power to relay a fraction of its undelivered packets, and the SU gets more opportunities to access idle time slots. To characterize the system's stable throughput region, it is noted that the queues in the system are interacting, i.e., the service process of any queue depends on the current state of the other queues, which renders the analysis intractable. To simplify the analysis, a dominant system approach is used to obtain a closed form expressions for the system's stable throughput region. Results reveal that, the non-cooperative system outperforms the cooperative system for low SU energy harvesting rate and irrespective of the PU energy harvesting rate, while the cooperation benefits are seen for high SU energy harvesting rate.
This paper presents a technique for testing protection relays using advanced simulation tools and lab implementation models for a transmission line. Different Scenario were simulation and implemented on the transmission line in the lab the output voltage and current waves for the two process were filtered using digital filters to remove the transient components. Then fed to the programs describe the function of different protective relays. These evaluate the performance of protective relays for both the signals. Obtained from the lab model and the signals obtained from the simulations. The simulation were performed using Alternative Transients Program (ATP). The programs operate correctly for fault cases obtained by lab model simulator.
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