City (Minufiya Governorate), during the two successive winter seasons of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to study the response of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Giza 461) to inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarium individually or mixed with rhizobacteria known to produce plant growth-promoting substances (PGPR), i.e., Azospirillum brasilense , Bacillus megaterium or Bacillus polymyxa as co inoculation under three levels of mineral nitrogen fertilizer (0 , 20 , 40 kg N /fed), in a newly reclaimed desert (sandy soil). Results showed that nodulation, plant growth parameters and bacterial activities in soil, varied depending on nitrogen dose and introduced bacteria. Co-inoculation with Rhizobium and PGPR resulted in significant increases in number and dry weight of root nodules, as well as nitrogenase activity of the root system as compared with the single inoculation with Rhizobium alone or control (un-inoculated plants). Mixed inoculation improved bacterial activities in rhizosphere soil, dehydrogenase, and phosphatases (acid and alkaline) enzymes and total bacterial count, compared to the single inoculation. In respect to nitrogen fertilizer , the highest rate applied(40 kg N /fed.) gave the maximum value of bacterial activities, as compared with the other doses, except nitrogenase activity, which was favored with the lower N dose(20 kg). The parameters of faba bean growth, seed yield and its attributes were generally promoted with the applied treatments, i.e., the biofertilizer significantly enhanced plant growth rate and parameters at 40 D and 85 days age. Mixed inoculation (R.l.+ B. polymyxa) produced the highest values of plant height , shoot and root dry weights. The same treatment exhibited the greatest number of branches, number of pods, number of seeds / pod, seed index and seed yield /plant, and consequently highest seed yield /fed ,e.g., average increase in yield /fed. was (67.45% & 63.62%) for the two seasons, respectively. No significant differences could be detected between the two doses of nitrogen fertilizer (20 and 40 kg N/fed.) in most studied traits, except seed yield per plant and per fed. Inoculation with R.l. + B.megaterium or B. polymyxa combined with 40 kg N/ fed. resulted in the highest values of most studied traits, except the nitrogenase activity, which was higher with 20 kg N/fed.
Fruits peels, an agricultural waste discarded in huge amounts, were effectively fractionated into its oligosaccharides composition to dedicate their added values utilization. Four fruits peels (Banana, Watermelon, Orange and Mango) were studied. The starch, pectin, hemicellulose, celluloses, lignin and proteins fractions were determined in terms of dry weights percentages for these peels. Mango peels showed the highest oligosaccharides levels, even lignin content was highest by 17.25%. Also, banana peels showed high oligosaccharides levels with the lowest level of lignin by 4.82%. Lab-scale bioreactor was carried out for enzymes production and saccharifaction, the banana and mango peels were released the greatest saccharified pentose and hexose sugars, the total fermentable sugars were 27.77 and 21.13 g.l -1 , respectively. Cofermentation were conducted by selected yeast strain belong to Kluyveromyces marxianus to contribute previously sexual regenerative Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol co-production. As expected, co-fermentation increased the productivity by more than 18%, the substantial bioethanol yield were observed by saccharifed banana peels with 10.74 g.l -1 , the adding of CaO lead finally to 97.5 wt % of pure bioethanol by duplicate the distillation process. The reaction molar ratio of cocked oil to ethyl acetate were established by 0.1, 0.125, 0.2, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mol.mol -1 respectively. The highest reaction conversion was attained at temperature reaction of 60 °C, molar ratio of oil to ethyl acetate at 1 : 6 ratio (0.17 mol.mol -1 ) within 6 hours of reaction time, and catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt %.
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