Abstract:The paper deals with the macrostructural and microstructural landscape changes in six selected microregions in Moravia and eastern Bohemia. Changes of the landscape macrostructure were evaluated based on the statistical data from 1845, 1948, 1990 and 2013. Changes of the landscape microstructure were compared on the base of old maps, aerial images and field experiences. According to the available data the area of an arable land was the largest in 1845. Since then it has been decreasing -more in mountain areas, less in lowland ones where it was replaced by forests, grasslands and urban areas, depending on the vegetation period, physical character and vicinity of urban centres. Results show that the microstructure recorded great changes during the communist period: large expanses of fields, irrigation and drainage measures, windbreaks, non-rural buildings in the countryside. Contemporary changes are connected mostly with urbanisation of the landscape.Key words: landscape changes, macrostructure, microstructure, the Czech Republic Souhrn: Příspěvek se zabývá změnami makrostruktury a mikrostruktury krajiny v šesti vybraných mikroregionech Moravy a východních Čech. Makrostruktura krajiny byla hodnocena na základě statistických dat za léta 1845, 1948, 1990 a 2013. Změny krajinné mikrostruktury byly srovnány na základě starých map, leteckých fotografií a zkušeností z terénu. Orná půda zaujímala největší plochu v roce 1845. Od té doby jejich rozloha klesá -více na vrchovinách, méně v nížinách. Orná půda je nahrazována lesy, trvalými travními porosty a urbanizovanými územími v závislosti na období, fyzickogeografickém charakteru území a blízkosti urbánních center. Z výsledků srovnání vyplývá, že mikrostruktura zaznamenala velké změny v komunistickém období tvorbou rozsáhlých lánů polí, zavlažovacích a odvodňovacích opatření, větrolamů, nerurálních budov na venkově. Současné změny jsou spojovány hlavně s urbanizací krajiny.
Dynamic changes in the landscape have been observed in recent years. They are particularly visible in areas with a high degree of anthropopressure. An example of such areas is metropolitan regions and their immediate rural surroundings. The purpose of this article is to identify changes in land cover in the rural municipalities within metropolises and detect the processes of landscape transformation in rural areas, which are extremely sensitive to anthropopressure. The dynamics of land cover changes in the years 2000–2018 were determined using a change index (ChI), and their directions were determined using the indicator of changes in types of land cover. Corine Land Cover for level 2 groups (1.1–4.2) was used as research material, and the Upper Silesia-Zagłębie Metropolis was selected as the model area. The greatest changes in the landscape were observed in built-up areas, industrial areas, meadows and mining areas. This is due to the disappearance of the mining industry that was traditional for this region and the ongoing suburbanization process, as well as the re-industrialization of modern industry and the abandonment of arable land in rural areas.
VAVROUCHOVÁ HANA, TOMAN FRANTIŠEK: Landscape dynamics in the Brno's surrounding between
A thousand villages disappeared in Czechia during the course of historic development. There are two basic causes of the disappearance of villages: artificial human intervention (planned changes or hostile liquidation) and gradual depopulation due to remoteness and poor conditions for development, possibly in combination with natural disasters. The greatest number of extinct villages is related to the period after World War II, when many villages in the borderland, from which the German population was displaced, were demolished or abandoned. The aim of the article is to clarify the causes of the extinction of villages, its impact on the landscape and on the settlement system, as well as the possibilities of preserving the historical and cultural memory of extinct places. Finally, the danger of extinction of villages at the present time is discussed. This article points out that it is currently not necessary or effective to have the dense network of settlements that was present in the Middle Ages, when the population density was conditional to the limited technological potential of agriculture and transport. The main argument for preserving villages is their spiritual and cultural value, and their genius loci. However, this can be preserved without keeping the physical structure. At this time, the smallest settlements are changing from being permanently inhabited, to becoming second homes sites.
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