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Fe(III)-carboxylate complexes were investigated with respect to tri-carboxylic (citric), di-carboxylic (tartaric) and mono-carboxylic (pyruvic) acids. In agreement with the chemical structure, results demonstrated that Fe(III) was complexed by citric acid with a ratio of 1 : 1 (Fe/ligand), tartaric acid (D or L) with a ratio of 1 : 2 and by pyruvic acid with a ratio of 1 : 3. The iron concentration was fixed at 0.3 mmol L -1 and the ligand concentration ranged from 0 to 1.0 mmol L -1 . The primary stage of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) degradation photoinduced by these Fe(III) complexes was investigated under monochromatic irradiation (l = 365, 313 and 296 nm). The values of initial quantum yields of 2,4-DCP disappearance (between 0.01 and 0.135) and Fe(II) formation (between 0.002 and 0.47) were evaluated and are presented in detail. Short irradiation wavelength (296 nm), low pH (3.0) and high oxygen concentration favoured the pollutant degradation. The disappearance of 2,4-DCP was complete under these favourable conditions.

The removal of emerging contaminants during water treatment is a current issue and various technologies are being explored. These include UV- and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this study, AOPs were explored for their degradation capabilities of 25 chemical contaminants on the US Environmental Protection Agency's Contaminant Candidate List 3 (CCL3) in drinking water. Twenty-three of these were found to be amenable to hydroxyl radical-based treatment, with second-order rate constants for their reactions with hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the range of 3-8 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). The development of biological activity of the contaminants, focusing on mutagenicity and estrogenicity, was followed in parallel with their degradation using the Ames and YES bioassays to detect potential changes in biological effects during oxidative treatment. The majority of treatment cases resulted in a loss of biological activity upon oxidation of the parent compounds without generation of any form of estrogenicity or mutagenicity. However, an increase in mutagenic activity was detected by oxidative transformation of the following CCL3 parent compounds: nitrobenzene (OH, UV photolysis), quinoline (OH, ozone), methamidophos (OH), N-nitrosopyrolidine (OH), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (OH), aniline (UV photolysis), and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (UV photolysis). Only one case of formation of estrogenic activity was observed, namely, for the oxidation of quinoline by OH. Overall, this study provides fundamental and practical information on AOP-based treatment of specific compounds of concern and represents a framework for evaluating the performance of transformation-based treatment processes.

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