Changes in the structure of double-stranded (ds) DNA with temperature affect processes in thermophilic organisms and are important for nanotechnological applications. Here we investigate temperature-dependent conformational changes of dsDNA at the scale of several helical turns and at the base pair step level, inferred from extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of DNA at temperatures from 7 to 47 °C. Our results suggest that, contrary to twist, the overall bending of dsDNA without A-tracts depends only very weakly on temperature, due to the mutual compensation of directional local bends. Investigating DNA length as a function of temperature, we find that the sum of distances between base pair centers (the wire length) exhibits a large expansion coefficient of ∼2 × 10 −4 °C−1 , similar to values reported for thermoplastic materials. However, the wire length increase with temperature is absorbed by expanding helix radius, so the length measured along the helical axis (the spring length) seems to suggest a very small negative thermal expansion coefficient. These compensatory mechanisms contribute to thermal stability of DNA structure on the biologically relevant scale of tens of base pairs and longer.
Structure and deformability of the DNA double helix play a key role in protein and small ligand binding, in genome regulation via looping, or in nanotechnology applications. Here we review some of the recent developments in modeling mechanical properties of DNA in its most common B-form. We proceed from atomic-resolution molecular dynamics (MD) simulations through rigid base and base-pair models, both harmonic and multistate, to rod-like descriptions in terms of persistence length and elastic constants. The reviewed models are illustrated and critically examined using MD data for which the two current Amber force fields, bsc1 and OL15, were employed.
RNA plays critical roles in the transmission and regulation of genetic information and is increasingly used in biomedical and biotechnological applications. Functional RNAs contain extended double-stranded regions and the structure of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been revealed at high-resolution. However, the dependence of the properties of the RNA double helix on environmental effects, notably temperature, is still poorly understood. Here, we use single-molecule magnetic tweezers measurements to determine the dependence of the dsRNA twist on temperature. We find that dsRNA unwinds with increasing temperature, even more than DNA, with ΔTwRNA = −14.4 +/- 0.7 deg/(degC.kbp), compared to ΔTwDNA = −11.0 +/- 1.2 deg/(degC.kbp). All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using a range of nucleic acid force fields, ion parameters, and water models correctly predict that dsRNA unwinds with rising temperature, but significantly underestimate the magnitude of the effect. These MD data, together with additional MD simulations involving DNA and DNA-RNA hybrid duplexes, reveal a linear correlation between twist temperature decrease and the helical rise, in line with DNA but at variance with RNA experimental data. We speculate that this discrepancy might be caused by some unknown bias in the RNA force fields tested, or by as yet undiscovered transient alternative structures in the RNA duplex. Our results provide a baseline to model more complex RNA assemblies and to test and develop new parameterizations for RNA simulations. They may also inspire physical models of temperature-dependent dsRNA structure.
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