The polymorphisms of soil fungal rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer regions were studied in Korean pine forests of various ages (10-100-year-old trees) by means of cloned libraries, and analyzed to determine the effects of the trees' developmental stage on soil fungal community structure. The obtained Shannon diversity index (H) and richness (S) indicated that the diversity of the soil fungal community increased significantly with the development of Korean pines (P \ 0.05). In addition, cluster analysis (UPGMA) showed that the soil fungal community variety associated with differently aged Korean pines was higher than 50 %. The soil fungal community diversity correlated significantly with the N content and C/N ratio of the soil (P \ 0.05). The results of this study indicate that the age of in Korean pine can affect soil fungal community by altering soil properties, which in turn could affect the nutrient cycling in the forest ecosystem.
Calcium carbonate induced by microorganisms can quickly fill and cement sand particles, thereby effectively reducing the potential for the liquefaction of sand. This process could represent a new green approach to the liquefaction treatment of saturated sand and has good prospects for application. However, owing to the diversity of microbial activities and the heterogenous spatiotemporal distribution of bacterial nutrient seepage in sandy soil foundations, the resultant complex distribution of calcium carbonate deposition in a sandy soil foundation can lead to differences in solidification strength and improvement effect. To understand the influence of earthquake action on the liquefaction resistance of saturated sand treated by microorganisms, and to evaluate the effect of microbial technology on sand liquefaction prevention under dynamic load, this study simulated the dynamic stress conditions of saturated sand under shear waves, using the world′s first centrifuge shaking table (R500B), which realizes horizontal and vertical two-way vibration. On the basis of spatial heterogeneity of microbial mineralization after centrifuge shaking table tests, the effect of microbial strengthening on liquefied sand was analyzed, and the spatial distribution of calcium carbonate mineralization was examined. The results showed that the distribution of microorganisms in the solidified soil exhibited obvious spatial heterogeneity with a significant edge effect. Although microbial mineralization effectively improved the liquefaction resistance of saturated sand, a sudden change in the process of calcium carbonate deposition altered the cementation of the sand with depth. Moreover, the curing strength had obvious complexity and uncertainty that directly affected the shear stiffness of the soil under dynamic load, and this constitutes one of the reasons for the degradation of shear stiffness of sand during liquefaction. The derived conclusions could be used as a reference for engineering applications of microbial treatment of a liquefiable sandy soil foundation.
The newly repaired Kaifeng City Wall has serious cracks, shedding and other issues on the surface, which constitute a significant problem. It is of great significance for the restoration of Kaifeng City Wall to explore the repair materials and techniques suitable for Kaifeng City Wall. The pH, particle gradation, compressive strength and SEM were tested on soil samples with different lime and MgO contents under different slaking times. With the increase of slaking time, the pH value first increased and then decreased. The relationship between pH value and strength showed three stages. The strength of lime-containing soil samples increased first, then decreased and then increased. The MgO content of soil samples showed an opposite trend. The particle gradation was significantly improved with increasing aging time. The main reason for the reduction of soil strength is the calcium carbonate crystals and magnesite microcracks produced by lime and MgO in the later stage of slaking.
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