This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of aqueous and 60% ethanol extracts of Allium ochotense Prokh. against alcohol-induced cytotoxicity as well as on the activities of alcohol-metabolic enzymes. Antioxidant effects of the extracts were analyzed using 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and malondialdehyde assays, and found that both extracts exhibited considerable antioxidant activities. Additionally, both extracts showed synergistic effects on the activities of alcohol-metabolic enzymes, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, but not on the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase. In addition, 2’-7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays revealed that aqueous and 60% ethanol extracts reduced oxidative stress and increased cell viability. Moreover, both extracts regulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, namely B-cell lymphoma (BCl-2), BCl-2 associated X (BAX), and pro-caspase-3, in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, aqueous and 60% ethanol extracts of A. ochotense Prokh. might be valuable functional materials derived from natural resources for the prevention of ethanol-induced cytotoxicity.
This study aimed to assess the protective effect of an extract of Lonicera japonica against particulate-matter (PM)2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The compounds with physiological activity were identified as shanzhiside, secologanoside, loganic acid, chlorogenic acid, secologanic acid, secoxyloganin, quercetin pentoside, and dicaffeoyl quinic acids (DCQA), including 3,4-DCQA, 3,5-DCQA, 4,5-DCQA, and 1,4-DCQA using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE). The extract of Lonicera japonica reduced cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation in A549 cells. The extract of Lonicera japonica decreased serum T cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and total T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and immunoglobulins, including immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin E (IgE), in PM2.5-induced BALB/c mice. The extract of Lonicera japonica protected the pulmonary antioxidant system by regulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In addition, it ameliorated mitochondrial function by regulating the production of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP contents. Moreover, the extract of Lonicera japonica exhibited a protective activity of apoptosis, fibrosis, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via TGF-β and NF-κB signaling pathways in lung tissues. This study suggests that the extract of Lonicera japonica might be a potential material to improve PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis.
This study was performed to analyze the nutritional components of fresh Diospyros kaki fruits of four persimmon cultivars (Bansi, Gabjubaekmok, Gojongsi, and Dungsi) processed in different ways. Fructose and glucose contents were higher in processed products than in fresh fruits. Sliced-dried persimmon had higher levels of total free sugar, palmitic acid, stearic acid, α-linolenic acid, and linoleic acid than other processed products. All Gojongsi products processed had elevated levels of unsaturated fatty acids. In the results of amino acid analysis, glutamic acid and aspartic acid were highest in cultivars. Sliced-dried persimmon had a higher essential amino acid content than other fresh fruits and processed products, and vitamin C contents were higher in all processed products than in fresh fruit. β-Carotene content was greatest for sliced-dried Gabjubaekmok. γ-Tocopherol and total tocopherol contents were higher in processed products than in fresh fruit, and sliced-dried Gabjubaekmok had a higher total tocopherol content than the other cultivars. Myricetin, 3′-hydroxy-5,6,7,8,4′-pentamethoxyflavone, 6,8-di-C-methylkaempferol 3,7-dimethyl ether, citric acid, malic acid, and gallic acid were detected as major physiologically active compounds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF/MS).
This study was conducted to assess the protective effects of the aqueous green tea extract (GTE) against particulate matter (PM)2.5-induced cardiac dysfunction in BALB/c mice. The administration of GTE increased the body weight change and reduced the heart index. GTE suppressed the increase in creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CKMB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) contents in mice serum. GTE protected the antioxidant system damage by regulating the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in heart tissues. In addition, GTE down regulated the inflammatory reaction by inhibiting the protein expression levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, phosphoylated nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha (p-IκB-α), caspase-1 (Cas-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), and internluekin-1beta (IL-1β). The consumption of GTE suppressed the cardiac cytotoxicity by regulating the protein expression levels of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCl-2), and BCl-2 associated X (BAX). This study suggests that GTE might be a potential material to protect PM2.5-induced cardiac damage and inflammation via the TLR pathway.
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