Purpose To evaluate the risk factors associated with optic disc haemorrhage in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Patients and methods Two hundred and eighty-one eyes of 281 patients with NTG (113 eyes with optic disc haemorrhage and 168 eyes without haemorrhage) were included in this study. Associations between optic disc haemorrhage and various patient-related variables (diabetes; hypertension; hypotension; cardiac disease; stroke; cold hand; migraine; constipation; use of steroids, aspirin, anticoagulant, or gingko extract; smoking history; and glaucoma family history) and eye-related variables (baseline intraocular pressure (IOP); maximum, minimum, and range of IOP; vertical and horizontal cup/disc ratio; mean deviation and pattern standard deviation of the visual field; corneal thickness; and average retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measured by optical coherence tomography) were investigated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Differences in risk factors between patients with single optic disc haemorrhages and recurrent haemorrhages were also analysed. Results Optic disc haemorrhage was associated with systemic hypertension (odds ratio, 1.998; 95% confidence interval, 1.094-3.651; P ¼ 0.001). IOP range (P ¼ 0.080), diabetes (P ¼ 0.056), and use of aspirin (P ¼ 0.079) also tended to be associated with optic disc haemorrhage. No risk factor was significantly different between the single haemorrhage group and the recurrent haemorrhage group. ConclusionOptic disc haemorrhage was associated with systemic hypertension in patients with NTG.

Purpose To assess the efficacy of prismatic correction of residual esotropia p20 prism dioptres (PD) after full hypermetropic correction in patients with partially accommodative esotropia. Methods Medical records of 64 patients who received prismatic correction for residual esotropia p20 PD were reviewed. Outcomes were considered successful if patients maintained orthotropia or esophoria for at least 1 year and did not require surgery. Factors including age, sex, visual acuity, refractive errors, amount of deviation, sensory status, and the presence of amblyopia were analysed and compared between the success and failure groups. Results Prismatic correction was successful in 28 of 64 patients (44%). The success group showed better results both with Worth 4-dot test (P ¼ 0.001 at distance and P ¼ 0.046 at near) and Randot stereo test (P ¼ 0.003 for dots and P ¼ 0.000 for animals). Success rate increased to 58% without amblyopia, 72 and 93% with normal fusional response at near and at distance with Worth 4 dot test respectively, and 92% with stereoacuity of 800 s of arc or better. In all patients in success group, fusion and stereoacuity improved or maintained during follow-up. Conclusions Prismatic correction was successful in 44% of the patients with residual esotropia p20 PD and the success group showed an improved or stable sensory status with time. With a baseline fusion on Worth 4-dot test or stereopsis of 800 s of arc or better, prismatic correction could be considered as the first-line treatment.