Qingyue Meng and colleagues assess what China’s health system reform has achieved and what needs to be done over the next decade

[1] We use measurements of ocean surface dissolved Al, a global Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling (BEC) ocean model, and the global Dust Entrainment and Deposition (DEAD) model to constrain dust deposition to the oceans. Our Al database contains all available measurements with best coverage in the Atlantic. Vertical profiles and seasonal data exist in limited regions. Observations show that surface dissolved Al is distributed similarly to the dust deposition predicted by DEAD and other models. There is an equatorial Atlantic Al maximum that decreases toward higher latitudes. There are high Al concentrations in the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Sea and low concentrations in the Pacific and the Southern Ocean. The ocean basins maintain more distinct Al profiles than Fe profiles in the upper ocean, consistent with a weaker biological influence on Al than Fe. The BEC-predicted surface dissolved Al compares relatively well with observations. The Al distribution reflects the combined effects of Al input from dust and Al removal by particle scavenging and biological uptake by diatoms. Model-observed biases suggest a southward shift of maximum dust deposition compared to current dust model predictions. DEAD appears to overestimate deposition north of 30°N in the Pacific and to underestimate deposition south of 30°N. Observed Al concentrations and the ocean model-predicted surface Al lifetime provide a semi-independent method to estimate oceanic dust deposition. This technique indicates that DEAD may overestimate dust deposition to the north equatorial Atlantic but underestimate in other Atlantic regions, the Southern Ocean, and the Arabian Sea. However, spatial variations in aerosol Al solubility may also contribute to the model-observation mismatch. Our results have implications for all dust-borne ocean nutrients including Fe and demonstrate the potential of marine geochemical data to constrain atmospheric aerosol deposition fields.

By carefully controlling the reacting time, temperature, and humidity, we have prepared Co 3 O 4 nanowires by heating a pure cobalt foil in atmosphere. Scanning electronic microscopy demonstrates that the nanowires have a diameter ranging from 20 to 100 nm and their typical lengths are in the range of 10-20 µm. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectrum, and transmission electronic microscopy analyses demonstrate that the nanowires are Co 3 O 4 . The optical property of the nanowires is determined by photoluminescence spectrum. The magnetic behavior of it is investigated by a magnetic property measurement system. The nanowires exhibit some novel optical and magnetic properties, which are different from its bulk material.

By carefully controlling the reacting conditions, including atmosphere, temperature, and time, we directly acquire the nanowires of γ-Fe 2 O 3 from the nanowires of R-Fe 2 O 3 in a reduced atmosphere. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectrum, and transmission electronic microscope analyses demonstrate that the nanowires are single-crystalline γ-Fe 2 O 3 . The nanowires have a diameter ranging from 50 to 90 nm and their typical lengths are in the range of 10∼20 µm. The optical property of the nanowires is observed by photoluminescence spectrum. The magnetic behavior of it is investigated by a magnetic property measurement system. The blocking temperature is found to be about 200 K. In addition, the mechanism of the transformation from R-Fe 2 O 3 nanowires to γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanowires is preliminarily studied by ab initio approach. It is found that the role of H 2 is to change the Fe-O bonds in R-Fe 2 O 3 nanowires, and then R-Fe 2 O 3 is transformed into γ-Fe 2 O 3 .

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meta/ortho-Selective C-H (di)alkylation reactions of azoarenes have been achieved via [Ru(p-cymene)Cl] catalyzed ortho-metalation using various types of alkyl bromides. Particularly, dual meta-alkylation of azoarene and reduction offer an attractive strategy for the synthesis of meta-alkylanilines, which are difficult to access via traditional aniline functionalization methods.

High power and long lifetime have been demonstrated for a semiconductor quantum-dot (QD) laser with five-stacked InAs/GaAs QDs separated by an InGaAs strain-reducing layer (SRL) and a GaAs spacer layer as an active medium. The QD lasers exhibit a peak power of 3.6 W at 1080 nm, a quantum slope efficiency of 84.6%, and an output-power degradation rate of 5.6%/1000 h with continuous-wave constant-current operation at room temperature. A comparative reliability investigation indicates that the lifetime of the InAs/GaAs QD laser with the InGaAs SRL is much longer than that of a QD laser without the InGaAs SRL. This improved lifetime of the QD laser could be explained by the reduction of strain in and around InAs QDs induced by the InGaAs SRL.

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