Purpose To evaluate associations between counties’ COVID-19 cases and racial-ethnic and nativity composition, considering heterogeneity across Latin American-origin subgroups and regions of the U.S. Methods Using county-level data and multi-level negative binomial models, we evaluate associations between COVID-19 cases and percentages of residents that are foreign-born, Latinx, Black, or Asian, presenting estimates for all counties combined and stratifying across regions. Given varying risk factors among Latinx, we also evaluate associations for percentages of residents from specific Latin American-origin groups. Results Percentage of foreign-born residents is positively associated with COVID-19 case rate (IRR=1.106; 95%CI: 1.074-1.139). Adjusted associations for percentage Latinx are non-significant for all counties combined, but this obscures heterogeneity. Counties with more Central Americans have higher case rates (IRR=1.130; 95%CI: 1.067-1.197). And, in the Northeast and Midwest, counties with more Puerto Ricans have higher case rates. Associations with percentage Asians are non-significant after adjusting for percentage foreign-born. Confirming prior evidence, percentage of Black residents is positively and robustly associated with COVID-19 case rate (IRR=1.031; 95%CI: 1.025-1.036). Conclusions Counties with more immigrants, as well as more Central American or Black residents have more COVID-19 cases. In the Northeast and Midwest, counties with more Puerto Rican residents also have more COVID-19 cases.

To examine how sociodemographic characteristics and non-pharmaceutical interventions affect the transmission of COVID-19, we analyze patient profiles and contact tracing data from almost all cases in an outbreak in Shijiazhuang, China, from January to February 2021. Because of universal testing and digital tracing, the data are of high quality. Results from negative binomial models indicate that the counts of close contacts and secondary infections vary with the cases’ age and occupation. Notably, cases under age 18 are causing an increased infection rate among their close contacts and leading to more within-neighborhood secondary infections than adults aged 18–49. Also, county-wide interventions and lockdown are found to be effective at containing the spread of COVID-19. These measures can reduce the number of close contacts that each case has and largely restrict the remaining infections to the case’s neighborhood. These results suggest that transmission risks of COVID-19 are associated with the case’s sociodemographic characteristics and can be reduced with interventions at the county level. Implications on mitigation measures and reopening plans are discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11524-022-00639-1.

Objectives: Research has linked adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to a host of negative health outcomes in adulthood. However, most existing studies focused on traumatic ACEs and used samples collected from a specific geographic unit (e.g., region, city, or state). This study examines the association between non-traumatic ACEs and health outcomes (i.e., self-rated health and psychological well-being) in adulthood, and assesses the extent to which the cumulative life course poverty accounts for these associations between ACEs and health. Data Source: Public and de-identified data from Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) (1968-2013) and its Childhood Retrospective Circumstances Study (CRCS) (2014) ( N = 7,126) were used. Episode and severity of childhood adversities of respondents were determined by using comprehensive retrospective circumstance measures. Methods: Multivariate regression models were used to analyze the associations between ACEs and adult health. Mediation analysis was employed to assess the extent to which the associations were explained by cumulative life course poverty. Data analysis was carried out in 2019 using STATA 15. Results: We found that episode and severity of ACEs were associated with increased risk of poor health and psychological distress. Compared to individuals with no ACEs, one unit increase in the ACE index is associated with 8 and 18 percent increase in the risk of poor health and psychological distress, respectively. A small proportion (4%) of the impact of early adversities on health is attributable to the proportion of adult lifetime spent in poverty. Conclusions: Non-traumatic ACEs are associated with increased risk for poor health and psychological distress. Life course cumulative experience in poverty accounts for a small portion of the associations. Providing support to prevent ACEs may have long-term health benefits.