Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs), as polymer hydrogels composed of chitosan and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), exhibiting electrical-sensitive behavior, were prepared. The swelling behavior of the chitosan/PHEMA hydrogels was studied by immersing the gels in various concentrations of aqueous NaCl solution. The electrical responses of the semi-IPN hydrogel, in applied electric fields, were also investigated. When the semi-IPN hydrogels were swollen, where one electrode was placed in contact with the gel and the other fixed 30 mm apart from one, they exhibited bending behavior on the application of an electric field on a contact system. The electroresponsive behavior of the present semi-IPN was also affected by the electrolyte concentration of the external solution. The semi-IPN also showed various degrees of increased bending behavior depending on the electric stimulus.

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Abstract.[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to identify the changes in abdominal muscle thickness during the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) in patients with low back pain (LBP) and healthy subjects.[Subjects] The subjects were 40 volunteers: 20 healthy subjects and 20 patients with LBP. [Methods] In sitting, the subjects performed rest for 10 seconds and ADIM for 10 seconds as a set with 3 repetitions. Thickness measurements of the abdominal muscles were performed in triplicate while subjects were at rest and performing ADIM using B-mode ultrasound imaging.[Results] In patients with LBP there was no significant change in the thickness of the external oblique (EO), whereas the EO of healthy subjects significantly decreased during ADIM. The thickness of the internal oblique (IO) and transversus abdominis (TrA) significantly increased during ADIM as compared to at rest in both groups.[Conclusion] These findings suggest that ADIM increase the thickness of the deep abdominal muscles and that the change in the thickness of the deep abdominal muscles of patients with LBP increase less than that of healthy subjects. Therefore, ADIM should be used to train the deep abdominal muscles of patients with LBP.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the factor of tourism storytelling through literature review, to figure out the relations of tourism storytelling-tourism satisfaction and tourism satisfaction -behavior intention. The total number of the questionnaire copies handed out was 440, and the 384 copies of them (the 184copies from Chinese tourists, and 200copies from Korean tourists) were used for the analysis.The results were as follows. First, it was found that the factor of tourism storytelling has influence on tourism satisfaction. Second, it was also found that the tourism satisfaction has influence on behavioral intention as well. And based on the above results, the research has figured out what factors of tourism storytelling mostly affect tourism satisfaction. By comparing Chinese and Korean tourist, and ultimately, suggested the best way to utilize this storytelling idea in a tourist area.

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