This critical review considers the extensive research and development dedicated, in the last years, to a single polymer, the poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate), usually simply referred to as PEF. PEF importance stems from the fact that it is based on renewable resources, typically prepared from C6 sugars present in biomass feedstocks, for its resemblance to the high-performance poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and in terms of barrier properties even outperforming PET. For the first time synthesis, properties, and end-life targeting-a more sustainable PEF-are critically reviewed. The emphasis is placed on how synthetic roots to PEF evolved toward the development of greener processes based on ring open polymerization, enzymatic synthesis, or the use of ionic liquids; together with a broader perspective on PEF end-life, highlighting recycling and (bio)degradation solutions.
A stretchable electronic skin (e-skin) requires a durable elastomeric matrix to serve in various conditions. Therefore, excellent and balanced properties such as elasticity, water proof capability, toughness, and self-healing are demanded. However, it is very difficult and often contradictory to optimize them at one time. Here, a polyurethane (BS-PU-3) containing a polydisperse hard segment, hydrophobic soft segment, and a dynamic disulfide bond was prepared by one-pot synthesis. Unlike the normal two-pot reaction, BS-PU-3 obtained through the one-pot method owned a higher density of self-healing points along the main chain and a faster self-healing speed, which reached 1.11 μm/min in a cut-through sample and recovered more than 93% of virgin mechanical properties in 6 h at room temperature. Moreover, a remarkable toughness of 27.5 MJ/m3 assures its durability as an e-skin matrix. Even with a 1 mm notch (half of the total width) on a standard dumbbell specimen, it could still bear the tensile strain up to 324% without any crack propagation. With polybutadiene as the soft segment, the shape, microstructure, and conductivity in BS-PU-3 and BS-PU-3-based stretchable electronics kept very stable after soaking in water for 3 days, proving the super waterproof property. An e-skin demo was constructed, and self-healing in pressure sensitivity, mechanical, and electrical properties were verified.
Polymeric elastomers play an increasingly important role in the development of stretchable electronics. A highly demanded elastic matrix is preferred to own not only excellent mechanical properties, but also additional features like high toughness and fast self‐healing. Here, a polyurethane (DA‐PU) is synthesized with donor and acceptor groups alternately distributed along the main chain to achieve both intra‐chain and inter‐chain donor‐acceptor self‐assembly, which endow the polyurethane with toughness, self‐healing, and, more interestingly, thermal repair, like human muscle. In detail, DA‐PU exhibits an amazing mechanical performance with elongation at break of 1900% and toughness of 175.9 MJ m−3. Moreover, it shows remarkable anti‐fatigue and anti‐stress relaxation properties as manifested by cyclic tensile and stress relaxation tests, respectively. Even in case of large strain deformation or long‐time stretch, it can almost completely restore to original length by thermal repair at 60 °C in 60 s. The self‐healing speed of DA‐PU is gradually enhanced with the increasing temperature, and can be 1.0–6.15 µm min−1 from 60 to 80 °C. At last, a stretchable and self‐healable capacitive sensor is constructed and evaluated to prove that DA‐PU matrix can ensure the stability of electronics even after critical deformation and cut off.
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