This review is focused on carbon nanotube (CNT)-elastomeric polymer nanocomposites, which have attracted industrial and academic interest over the years due to their enhanced properties. Major factors notably CNT type, surface modification, dispersion of CNT, and processing techniques that affect the physical properties of CNT-elastomeric polymer nanocomposites are reviewed, and several key physical properties, including tensile, electrical, and thermal properties, were also included in this review. Some of the key challenges that undermine the effectiveness of CNTs and their composites with elastomeric polymers, and the potential applications of CNT-elastomeric composites are also captured.

BackgroundWhile extended cholecystectomy is recommended for T2 gallbladder cancer (GBC), the role of hepatic resection for T2 GBC is unclear. This study aimed to identify the necessity of hepatic resection in patients with T2 GBC.MethodsData of 81 patients with histopathologically proven T2 GBC who underwent surgical resection between January 1999 and December 2017 were enrolled from a retrospective database. Of these, 36 patients had peritoneal-side (T2a) tumors and 45 had hepatic-side (T2b) tumors. To identify the optimal surgical management method, T2 GBC patients were classified into the hepatic resection group (n = 44, T2a/T2b = 20/24) and non-hepatic resection group (n = 37, T2a/T2b = 16/21). The recurrence pattern and role of hepatic resection for T2 GBC were then investigated.ResultsMean age of the patients was 69 (range 36–88) years, and the male-to-female ratio was 42:39 (male, 51.9%; female, 48.1%). Hepatic-side GBC had a higher rate of recurrence than peritoneal-side GBC (44.4% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.006). The most common type of recurrence in T2a GBC was para-aortic lymph node recurrence (n = 2, 5.6%); the most common types of recurrence in T2b GBC were para-aortic lymph node recurrence (n = 7, 15.6%) and intrahepatic metastasis (n = 6, 13.3%). Hepatic-side GBC patients had worse survival outcomes than peritoneal-side GBC patients (76.0% vs. 96.6%, p = 0.041). Hepatic resection had no significant treatment effect in T2 GBC patients (p = 0.272). Multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis was the only significant prognostic factor (p = 0.002).ConclusionsHepatic resection is not essential for curative treatment in T2 GBC, and more systemic treatments are needed for GBC patients, particularly for those with T2b GBC.

PurposeThe aims are to: (i) display the multidimensional learning curve of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy, and (ii) verify the feasibility of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy after learning curve completion by comparing it with laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy.Materials and MethodsFrom January 2005 to June 2012, 247 patients who underwent laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (n=136) and totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (n=111) for early gastric cancer were enrolled. Their clinicopathological characteristics and early surgical outcomes were analyzed. Analysis of the totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy learning curve was conducted using the moving average method and the cumulative sum method on 180 patients who underwent totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy.ResultsOur study indicated that experience with 40 and 20 totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy cases, is required in order to achieve optimum proficiency by two surgeons. There were no remarkable differences in the clinicopathological characteristics between laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy and totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy groups. The two groups were comparable in terms of open conversion, combined resection, morbidities, reoperation rate, hospital stay and time to first flatus (P>0.05). However, totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy had a significantly shorter mean operation time than laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (P<0.01). We also found that intra-abdominal abscess and overall complication rates were significantly higher before the learning curve than after the learning curve (P<0.05).ConclusionsExperience with 20~40 cases of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy is required to complete the learning curve. The use of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy after learning curve completion is a feasible and timesaving method compared to laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy.

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The fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of antibodies is responsible for their protective function and long-lasting serum half-life via Fc-mediated effector function, transcytosis, and recycling through its interaction with Fc receptors (FcRs) expressed on various immune leukocytes, epithelial, and endothelial cells. Therefore, the Fc–FcRs interaction is a control point of both endogenous and therapeutic antibody function. There are a number of reported genetic variants of FcRs, which include polymorphisms in (i) extracellular domain of FcRs, which change their affinities to Fc domain of antibodies; (ii) both cytoplasmic and intracellular domain, which alters the extent of signal transduction; and (iii) the promoter region of the FcRs gene, which affects the expression level of FcRs, thus being associated with the pathogenesis of disease indications. In this review, we firstly describe the correlation between the genetic variants of FcRs and immunological disorders by individual differences in the extent of FcRs-mediated regulations. Secondly, we discuss the influence of the genetic variants of FcRs on the susceptibility to infectious diseases or cancer in the perspective of FcRs-induced effector functions. Overall, we concluded that the genetic variants of FcRs are one of the key elements in the design of antibody therapeutics due to their variety of clinical outcomes among individuals.

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