This study is a literary study that discusses the picture of the social reality of Japanese society in a novel by Rei Kimura entitled Butterfly in the Wind. The method used is descriptive analytic. The data are in the form of excerpts or sentence excerpts in novels that describe the social reality of Japanese society. The theory used is the sociological theory of literature and Marx's social analysis approach. From the analysis, it is concluded that various social realities of Japanese society are depicted in the novel Butterfly in the Wind which includes aspects of politics, economy, culture, education, family, morals, gender, religion, and technology. In the political aspect, it is illustrated that the attitude of government (bakufu) is arbitrary and unfair, especially among farmers and fishermen groups. The economic aspect illustrates the economic gap between groups of aristocrats and ordinary people. Cultural and religious aspects are reflected in the patriarchal culture of Japanese society and Buddhist rituals which are carried out such as funeral processions. The aspect of education illustrates the unfairness and distribution of education for Japanese society at that time. The family aspect shows a picture of affection between family members, especially parents and children. The moral aspect is reflected in the behavior of people who hate Okichi's background as a concubine. The gender aspect illustrates the gender bias between men and women. Finally, on the technological aspect, the reality of Japanese technology is still low compared to European and American countries.
Every ritual in Toba Batak community uses language as a basic tool in its implementation.
The verbal forms used in rituals are usually in the form of incantations (tabas) and
prayers (tonggo); tabas is spoken by a shaman while tonggo is spoken by partonggo
(the leader of a prayer). Tonggo is spoken with the rhythm of the language according
to bound speech; its contents are only in the form of requests, praise, confession,
and submission to spirits and it is carried out by serving large and small offerings.
The martonggo tradition consists of prayers in each religious event, customs and
other events, which can provide comfort and kindness in an event or party. The
purpose of this paper is to describe (1) the meanings of tonggotonggo in the traditional
ceremony of the Toba Batak community and (2) the functions of the martonggo-tonggo
tradition in the traditional ceremony of the Toba Batak community. This paper uses an
anthropolinguistic approach with the analytic parameters of interconnection, valuability,
and sustainability. A qualitative paradigm of ethnography is also used in this study
by applying twelve steps in observation and interview methods. The function of
the tradition of martonggotonggo for the owner’s community is as the educational
tool, as the projection system and as the means of validating culture. The incantation
of Tonggotonggo means that humans expect to be able to obtain prosperity in their lives.
Kematian adalah salah satu tahap yang tidak dapat dihindari dalam proses kehidupan manusia. Kematian menjadi salah satu bentuk penyadaran diri bahwa semua yang hidup didunia ini pasti mempunyai akhir hayat. Tahap ini tidak dapat dihindari oleh siapa pun. Fase kematian tidak terlepas dari upacara kematian. Setiap suku di Indonesia pasti mempunyai ciri khas tersendiri dalam melakasanakan upacara kematian, begitu juga dengan suku batak toba. Menurut suku batak toba orang yang hidup dan yang mati masih memiliki keterikatan hubungan. Pada upacara kematian di suku Batak Toba, ada satu peristiwa yang dikenal dengan istilah mangandung (meratapi). Mangandung berasal dari kata andung yang berarti ratap.. Andung merupakan suatu bentuk seni suara yang tidak mempunyai lirik dan dilantunkan dengan kata-kata yang mengalir begitu saja dengan ritme tertentu dan biasanya dapat lantunkan berulang-ulang. Andung biasanya berbentuk ungkapan kesedihan, cerita tentang kebaikan-kebaikan orang yang sudah meninggal itu semasa hidupnya dan ratapan yang berisikan tentang rasa sayang keluarga atau pihak yang ditinggalkan oleh si jenazah. Andung sebagai sebuah tradisi lisan di suku Batak Toba sudah jarang ditemukan pada saat ini. Banyak yang menganggap Andung sebagai suatu tindakan berhala yang tidak mengenal agama dan menyangkal keberadaan Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu makna Andung dan keberadaan Andung di sukut Batak Toba pada saat ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Adapun data yang digunakan adalah bersumber dari teks, buku dan rekaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Andung pada tradisi suku Batak Toba sudah mulai punah dan jarang dipakai lagi dipengaruhi oleh agama dan budaya modern pada saat ini sehingga Andung sering ditiadakan dalam upacara kematian adat batak. Andung merupakan tradisi lisan suku Batak Toba yang bermakna dan seharusnya dapat diwariskan kepada generasi muda suku Batak Toba.
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