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Background: Colonoscopy has been widely used as a diagnostic tool for many conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy complications include perforation, hemorrhage, abdominal pain, as well as anesthesia risk. Although rare, perforation is the most dangerous complication that occurs in the immediate post-colonoscopy period with an estimated risk of less than 0.1%. Studies on colonoscopy perforation risk between teaching hospitals and non-teaching hospitals are scarce. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample database was queried for patients who underwent inpatient colonoscopy between January 2010 and December 2014 in teaching versus non-teaching facilities in order to study their perforation rates. Our study population included 257,006 patients. Univariate regression was performed, and the positive results were analyzed using a multivariate regression module. Results: Teaching hospitals had a higher risk of perforation (odds ratio 1.23, confidence interval 1.07-1.42, P = 0.004). Perforation rates were higher in females, patients with inflammatory bowel disease and dilatation of strictures. Polypectomy did not yield any statistical difference between the study groups. Other factors such as African-American ethnicity appeared to have a lower risk. Conclusion: Perforation rates are higher in teaching hospitals. More studies are needed to examine the difference and how to mitigate the risks.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is an uncommon inflammatory disorder characterized by neutrophilic infiltration of the skin. It can present as skin papules or pustules that progress into painful ulcers. 30–40% of the cases are associated with other systemic diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and proliferative hematological disorders. Uniquely, this condition has been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The rarity of this disorder poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We present a case of a 55-year-old female with a history of SLE and chronic right leg ulcer, presented with increased pain from the ulcer associated with a mild flare of her cutaneous lupus; examination revealed circumferential skin ulcer measuring about 25 cm extending around the right leg above the ankle with prominent fibrinous material and surrounding erythema. Blood work showed elevated WBC with neutrophilic predominance. Serology revealed a positive ANA, elevated RNP, smith, and SSA/Ro antibodies with normal anti-CCP level. Skin biopsy was taken, and it showed a diffuse neutrophilic and lymphocytic infiltrate consistent with the diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum. The patient was then treated with topical and systemic steroids and sequentially with dapsone, methotrexate, mycophenolate, and cyclosporine for over a two-year period but failed to show any improvement. Therefore, a trial of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy was attempted and produced a dramatic response after two-month infusions characterized by shrinking in the size of the ulcer and resolving pain. We believe that refractory PG poses a therapeutic challenge, and despite a lack of specific guidelines, IVIG can be attempted if initial suppressive treatment fails to show signs of improvement.

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Background: Literature on the outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in Sjogren’s syndrome (SJS) is quite scanty. Acute kidney injury has emerged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Objective: To examine the outcome of AKI with and without SJS. To achieve this, we examined the prevalence, mortality, outcomes, length of stay (LOS), and hospital charges in patients with AKI with SJS compared with patients without SJS from a National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database in the period 2010 to 2013. Design: A retrospective cohort study using NIS. Setting: United States. Sample: Cohort of 97 055 weighted patient discharges with AKI from the NIS. Measurements: Not applicable. Methods: Data were retrieved from the NIS for adult patients admitted with a principal diagnosis of AKI between 2010 and 2013, using the respective International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision ( ICD-9) codes. The study population divided into 2 groups, with and without Sjogren’s disease. Multivariate and linear regression analysis conducted to adjust for covariates. We omitted patients with systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis from the analysis to avoid any discrepancy as they were not meant to be a primary outcome in our study. Results: The study population represented 97 055 weighted patient discharges with AKI. Analysis revealed AKI patients with Sjogren’s compared with patients without Sjogren’s had statistically significant lower hyperkalemia rates (adjusted odds ratio: 0.65, confidence interval: 0.46-0.92; P = .017. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality, LOS, hospital charges, and other outcomes. Limitations: Study is not up to date as data are from ICD-9 which are testing data from 2010 to 2013, and data were obtained through SJS codes, which have their limitations. Also, limitations included lack of data on metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, and not including all causes of AKI. Conclusions: At present, our study is unique as it has examined prevalence, mortality, and outcomes of Sjogren’s in patients with AKI. Patients with Sjogren’s had significantly lower hyperkalemia during the hospitalization. Further research is needed to identify the underlying protective mechanisms associated with Sjogren’s that resulted in lower hyperkalemia. Trial registration: Not applicable.