This paper presents a comprehensive review of friction modelling to provide an understanding of design for durability within interacting systems. Friction is a complex phenomenon and occurs at the interface of two components in relative motion. Over the last several decades, the effects of friction and its modelling techniques have been of significant interests in terms of industrial applications. There is however a need to develop a unified mathematical model for friction to inform design for durability within the context of varying operational conditions. Classical dynamic mechanisms model for the design of control systems has not incorporated friction phenomena due to non-linearity behaviour. Therefore, the tribological performance concurrently with the joint dynamics of a manipulator joint applied in hazardous environments needs to be fully analysed. Previously the dynamics and impact models used in mechanical joints with clearance have also been examined. The inclusion of reliability and durability during the design phase is very important for manipulators which are deployed in harsh environmental and operational conditions. The revolute joint is susceptible to failures such as in heavy manipulators these revolute joints can be represented by lubricated conformal sliding surfaces. The presence of pollutants such as debris and corrosive constituents has the potential to alter the contacting surfaces, would in turn affect the performance of revolute joints, and puts both reliability and durability of the systems at greater risks of failure. Key literature is identified and a review on the latest developments of the science of friction modelling is presented here. This review is based on a large volume of knowledge. Gaps in the relevant field have been identified to capitalise on for future developments. Therefore, this review will bring significant benefits to researchers, academics and industry professionals.
This paper presents research findings on the tribological performance of electrodeposited coatings subject to nano-lubricants with the addition of nano-Al 2 O 3 and graphene and Ni/nano-Al 2 O 3 composite coatings. Electrodeposited coatings were produced by using a pulse electrodeposition method. Tribological experiments were conducted by using a linear reciprocating ball on flat sliding tribometer. Experimental results confirm that the wear and friction resistance properties have been significantly enhanced by doping of nano-effects in the lubricating oil and composite coating. The addition of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles in the lubricating oil showed the best tribological properties, followed by Ni-Al 2 O 3 composite coatings and nano-oil with graphene. The surface morphology and microstructure of electrodeposited coatings were examined by using a Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The wear mechanisms of these coatings subjected to tribological testing were investigated by post-test surface analyses. This research provides novel approach to design durable nano-coatings for tribological applications in various industries such as automotive, aerospace, locomotive and renewable energy technologies.
The objective of this article is to present the research impact, significance and reach made for British military heritage. An effective knowledge exchange model is being developed in terms of substantial contribution to the identification, measurement, analysis, prediction and condition-monitoring of structural failures within military tanks with enormous societal and economic impact. This is the first evidence-based research carried out in this field and is directly linked to the development of a new conservation facility, further research and grants.
Wind energy is considered as one of the most prominent sources of energy for sustainable development. This technology is of interest owing to its capability to produce clean, eco-friendly, and cost-effective energy for small-scale users and rural areas where grid power availability is insufficient. Wind power generation has developed rapidly in the past decade and is expected to play a vital role in the economic development of countries. Therefore, studying dominant economic factors is crucial to properly approach public and private financing for this emerging technology, as industrial growth and energy demands may outpace further economic studies earlier than expected. In this study, a strategy-focused method for performing economic analysis on wind energy based on financial net present value, levelized cost of energy, internal rate of return, and investment recovery period is presented. Numerical and simulation results depict the most optimal and economical system from a 3 and a 10 kW wind energy conversion system (WECS). Moreover, the aforementioned criteria are used to determine which WECS range is the most suitable investment with the shortest payback period. Finally, an economically viable and profitable wind energy system is recommended.
This research presents analytical and mathematical modelling of coating failures within industrial components, structures, mobile assets and systems due to corrosive degradation and mechanical fracture. These failures lead to several surface problems; therefore, contact mechanics and electrochemistry approaches incorporating induced residual stresses have been adopted to develop a comprehensive solution for the prediction and prognostic of such failures. Experimental study of film cracking and its propagation into substrates, interfacial transient behaviours and film-substrate system has been conducted. A parallel study of corrosive degradation to include cathodic delamination, cathodic blistering and tribo-corrosion of films has been conducted. Experimental and analytical studies of induced residual stresses within the coating and their effects on failure mechanisms and propagation have been completed. A detailed investigation of elastic mismatch at the interfacial contact and interfacial crack tip field has been performed and a complex stress intensity factor is presented. Mathematical derivation of oscillatory singularity, mode mix and interfacial fracture criterion to include adhesion are presented. This paper presents novel mathematical modelling incorporating interfacial crack propagating, diffusion of corrosive species and cathodic blistering for prediction and prognoses of coating failures.
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