This study aimed to investigate the effect of pentoxifylline on complications of prolonged usage of morphine upon the testis and sperm parameters of rats. In this study, forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 8) and treated for 56 days to only saline, only morphine, only pentoxifylline, pentoxifylline + morphine and naltrexone + morphine. The diameters of seminiferous tubules, the maturity of germ line epithelium and sperm parameters were evaluated. The expression of inflammatory-related factors in testis tissues were also investigated at gene and protein levels. The data were calculated by one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS software for windows (version 20). Seminiferous tubule diameter, the maturity of spermatogonia and sperm parameters were significantly decreased in morphine group in comparison with control, pentoxifylline and pentoxifylline + morphine groups (p < .001). The expression of anti-inflammatory markers, at both gene and protein levels, was significantly increased in testis of morphine-treated rats in comparison with other groups (p < .001). Chronic morphine administration induces destructive effects on male reproductive system by regulating inflammatory responses. Pentoxifylline recovers the destructive effects of morphine on male reproductive system by inhibiting TLR (Toll-like receptor) activity, as an anti-inflammatory response.
The purpose of this research is to study the impact of different investor behavior on the volatility of the bourse market. The field study consists of the companies listed on the stock exchange during the years 2012-2016. In this study, the different investor behaviour is considered the independent variable and the market volatility is the dependent variable. The present research is an applied study, in case the classification of researches in characteristics and methodology is considered, this study is considered descriptive research based on its characteristics and it is in the correlation study category based on its methodology. In this study collecting data and information has been done by library method and the data compilation has been fulfilled by referring to the financial statements, explanatory notes and monthly magazine of the bourse. In sample size determination based on data collecting system, 114 companies have been selected as the sample statistics. In order to describe and summarize the collected data descriptive and inferential statistics have been utilized. In analyzing the data first pre-test of variance homogeneity, Limer F test, Hausman test and JB test and then the multivariable regression (Eviews software) for confirmation or rejection of the hypothesis of the research has been used. The results show that the different investor behaviour consisting of the trading value of capital, investors net business flow and the investor trading volume share has a considerable impact on the volatility of the stock exchange.
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