Background: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) was the contraction of coronary arteries that was frequently began through the atherosclerosis which primes to restraint of blood flowing to cardiac muscles. Atherosclerosis was an accumulation of plaque or fats deposition upon the internal walls of arteries. Aim: To correlate coronary artery disease with risk factors on Computed Tomography Angiography. Duration and place of study: This study was conduct from 17-July-2019 to 13-Oct-2020 at Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore. Methods: A cross sectional analytical study was conducted at Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore. Data were collected according to the age, gender and risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia; high cholesterol level, contrast with volume, vessels involved and extent of vessels involvement.132 participants including 103 males (78%) and 29 females (22%) were selected through convenient sampling technique. Results: Data examination exhibited that out of 132 patients, 101 patients (76.5%) had CAD and 31 patients (23.5%) had no CAD. Out of 29 females, 21 female patients (20.8%) had CAD whereas out of 103 males, 80 male patients (79.2%) had coronary artery disease. According to our study, as correlated the coronary artery disease with various risk factors on computed tomography angiography. The patient had one or more than one risk factors; out of 132 patients, 72 patients (54.5%) had diabetes mellitus, 102 patients (77.3%) had hypertension, 55 patients (41.7%) had hyperlipidemia, 56 patients (42.4%) familial hypercholesterolemia, and 30(22.7%) were smokers. Conclusions: We concluded from our study that patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) were more prone to develope coronary artery disease CAD. Males were more at risk (79.2%) than females (20.8%) for CAD. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were stronger predictors of CAD than smoking, hyperlipidemia and familial hypercholesterolemia. Keywords: Coronary Artery disease, Computed Tomography Angiogrpahy, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension
Background: Pulmonary embolism is the lethal condition that is associated with higher rate of mortality in cardia patients. The diagnosis of the acute pulmonary embolism is frequently observed in patients presenting in emergency department or during hospitalization. Level of D-dimer may be assessed by blood test to help the physicians to diagnose the thrombosis. Literature showed variable evidence regarding predictive accuracy of D-dimer for detection of pulmonary embolism. So to get local data, we conducted this study. Aim: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer assay for detection of pulmonary embolism in patients of acute myocardial infarction presenting in emergency department taking CTPA as gold standard Methods: Cross - sectional study conducted in Cardiology Department , Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore for a period of six months from 1-9-2018 to 1-3-2019. One hundred patients, fulfilled the selection criteria were enrolled from emergency. Then blood sample was taken for evaluation of D-dimer level. Reports were checked and D-dimer level was noted. Pulmonary embolism was labeled as positive on D-dimer, if D-dimer level ≥500 and was labeled as negative if D-dimer level <500. Then all patients underwent CTPA. Pulmonary embolism labeled as positive if there was mass filling defects detected as dark spot on angiogram. All the data was collected by using the proforma. Data analysis as done in SPSS v. 21. Results: The mean age of patients was 54.03±10.26years. There were 40 (40) males and 60 (60%) females. The mean BMI of patients was 27.57±4.35kg/m2. There were 46 (46%) patients with diabetes mellitus while 61 (61%) patients had hypertension. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer were 82.6%, 72.2%, 71.7%, 83.0% and 77.0%, respectively taking CTPA as gold standard. Conclusion: Thus the D-dimer is accurate enough that it can help to predict pulmonary embolism and can help to prevent at least negative cases to undergo CTPA. Keywords: Acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, D-dimer, computed tomography pulmonary angiography
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