Oil pollutants, due to their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity, are considered a serious threat to human health and the environment. Petroleum hydrocarbons compounds, for instance, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, are among the natural compounds of crude oil and petrol and are often found in surface and underground water as a result of industrial activities, especially the handling of petrochemicals, reservoir leakage or inappropriate waste disposal processes. Methods based on the conventional wastewater treatment processes are not able to effectively eliminate oil compounds, and the high concentrations of these pollutants, as well as active sludge, may affect the activities and normal efficiency of the refinery. The methods of removal should not involve the production of harmful secondary pollutants in addition to wastewater at the level allowed for discharge into the environment. The output of sewage filtration by coagulation and dissolved air flotation (DAF) flocculation can be transferred to a biological reactor for further purification. Advanced coagulation methods such as electrocoagulation and flocculation are more advanced than conventional physical and chemical methods, but the major disadvantages are the production of large quantities of dangerous sludge that is unrecoverable and often repelled. Physical separation methods can be used to isolate large quantities of petroleum compounds, and, in some cases, these compounds can be recycled with a number of processes. The great disadvantage of these methods is the high demand for energy and the high number of blockages and clogging of a number of tools and equipment used in this process. Third-party refinement can further meet the objective of water reuse using methods such as nano-filtration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation. Adsorption is an emergency technology that can be applied using minerals and excellent materials using low-cost materials and adsorbents. By combining the adsorption process with one of the advanced methods, in addition to lower sludge production, the process cost can also be reduced.
Studies conducted in the last four years show conflicting findings on the role of the environment in the survival, stability, and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Based on the current evidence, the factors that affect the severity of COVID-19 include host interaction, environmental stability, virus volume, stability, transmission, social interactions, and restriction measures. Moreover, the persistence of the virus depends on different environmental conditions, videlicet temperature, humidity, pH, salinity, and solar radiation. The outbreak of respiratory viruses is related mainly to temperature and humidity, and geographical locations (latitude). In SARS-CoV-2, mainly temperature and humidity seem to play a fundamental role. Moreover, studies have indicated that social health factors such as equitable health systems, hygiene, and underlying diseases have played a pivotal role in the incidence and outbreak of COVID-19. Therefore, addressing health issues associated with reducing SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks plays an essential role in global health. In contrast, the environmental stimuli of the COVID-19 outbreak are mainly unknown. Given the ongoing threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to understand the stimuli to respond quickly to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants while implementing long-term and sustainable control strategies. This review discusses the role of environmental factors and health conditions in the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2.
Background: The cavum septum pellucidum is an important marker for identifying and evaluating the fetal neural axis. Evaluation of the characteristics of the Cavum septum pellucidum is recognized as an important (fetal) factor for fetal ultrasound in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the size range of cavum septum pellucidum in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy in women referred to Ali Ibn-e Abitaleb Hospital Clinic of Zahedan. Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study performed at Ali Ebne Abitaleb Hospital of Zahedan in 2018. Ultrasound examinations were performed on all pregnant women in the second trimester (18 to 20 weeks) and third (36 to 38 weeks). Information such as maternal age, size of septum pellucidum, and gestational age were included in the checklist. Ultimately, the data were entered into SPSS software for statistical analysis. Results: In this study, a total of 500 fetuses were evaluated. The mean age of the mothers under study was 26.36 years old. The mean cavum septum pellucidum size in the second trimester was 3.71 ± 0.81 and 6.11 ± 1.09 mm in the third trimester. The mean size of cavum septum pellucidum in the second trimester of pregnancy was significantly lower than in the third trimester (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The mean size of cavum septum pellucidum in the present study was 4.91 mm, similar to the size of other studies.
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