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Abstract:In this article, an indirect forced convection solar dryer is used to study the kinetic drying of eggplant. The effective moisture diffusivity calculated by slop method follows the solar intensity with the maximum value of 1.68 E-09 at 15 PM. Performance of solar dryer is determined by defining the efficiency of collector and an effectiveness factor as the ratio of the drying rate in the indirect solar dryer to the drying rate in the open sun. The collector efficiency and the effectiveness factor vary with the drying time inversely.. Hr and is 2 g H O. g ds . Hr for

Crash boxes play an important role in different industries as energy absorbers to reduce damage of accidents. An ideal crash box has lower maximum force and higher energy absorption. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of various parameters such as geometry (diameter and thickness), triggering and filling with polymeric foam on axial crash behaviour of a composite cylindrical cash box. To this end, a composite crash box is modelled in a commercial finite element software, Abaqus, utilising the Hashin failure criterion to predict damage initiation. Linking damage initiation with material degradation rules provides the capability for damage evolution prediction on the basis of fracture energy of different failure modes. A new parameter (β) is defined to study the performance of a crash box with different geometries, triggers and foam-filling. The results show that three different triggering geometries (chamfer, fillet, and tulip) decrease the maximum load about 7-33%, and improved energy absorption about 40-86% compared to the crash box without trigger. Filling a triggered crash box with polymeric foam also improves energy absorption about 20%. Applying both triggering and foam-filling simultaneously on a crash box has a complementary role to receive a better performance.

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Since lightweight and energy-absorbing materials have an effective role in occupant safety during accidents, the use of hybrid aluminum–composite tubes and their optimum designs are of great importance in the crashworthiness. In this study, finite element simulation and multi-objective optimization of a hybrid aluminum–composite tube are performed under axial crushing to investigate the effect of metal volume fraction (MVF) on the objective functions, the specific energy absorption and the peak force. Besides, the effects of annealing and tempering of ductile aluminum alloys (Al-6061) as the base metal of hybrid tubes are investigated. The optimum values of the objective functions are obtained at [Formula: see text] (the same thickness of aluminum and composite). Also, annealing of ductile aluminum alloys has a negative effect on the objective functions. As a guideline for the design of fiber metal laminates under crushing, it is suggested to use tempered Al-6061 and increase the thickness of composite material so that [Formula: see text].