This study focuses on a vital aspect of illicit drug trafficking: the huge profits that flow from this trade into the hands of criminals and their networks. SouthEastern Europe, through the so-called Balkan route, is a key pathway for the delivery of opiates from Afghanistan into Western and Central Europe. The present study estimates that the total monetary value of illicit opiates trafficked along the route is worth an average of $28 billion per annum. Such funds are, tragically, greater than the entire GDP of Afghanistan; a finding that highlights the scope of the trafficking that occurs through the Balkan route. But the acknowledgement of the problem, and its scale, is only the first step in defining clear and comprehensive solutions. The recent UNODC Afghanistan Opium Survey 2015 has shown that cultivation and production of opium in the country has declined. This is indeed welcome news. But if we are to capitalise on this, there is a real need for the Afghan Government and the international community, including every country along the Balkan route, to commit themselves to close cooperation. UNODC is helping through a number of initiatives that seek to promote partnerships, information sharing and joint operations. These are as essential in the Balkans as they are along the other routes moving opiates out of Afghanistan. As part of our InterRegional Drug Control Approach, one such project is our "networking the networks" initiative, which is building greater connectivity. It offers an opportunity to bring together real-time coordination, and a focus on strategy and operational efforts. Networking the networks has already brought together agencies including CARICC, JPC and GCC CIC, as well as Europol, INTERPOL, the WCO, ASEANAPOL, the Egmont Group and the OSCE. The container control programme, comanaged by UNODC and the World Customs Organization, as well as the Maritime Crime Programme are adding to these efforts to help States disrupt the trafficking flows. Central to this work is chasing down the illicit funds. Drug Money: the illicit proceeds of opiates trafficked on the Balkan route is essential for our comprehensive response to opiates trafficked in the Balkans and to appreciate the volume of money laundered annually as a result of this trafficking. Thanks to this study we now have a clearer understanding of illicit funds. We must use it to sharpen our focus on breaking up the criminal networks, seizing their profits before they are laundered and countering the flow of opiates from Afghanistan in full cooperation with Member States.
Believe in environmental reform is one of the sources of urban planning and probably is the most important and stable ideology of it. Urban rapid advancement in all realms especially during last two decades led various urban designs to reinforce harmony of urban development. On the other hand, emerge of some contexts such as sustainability and need of adoptability of urban designs with environmental factors caused new terms to create such as strategic environmental assessment.in this study; the origin of theoretical model of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) will be presented. Moreover the practical circumstances of mentioned model in sustainable urban designs will analyzed. Therefore, the process of urban development designs can be optimized and the appropriate system to reach sustainability can be introduced. Transportation and traffic comprehensive plan of Tehran is the case study of the research due to its importance and adoptability to the contents of sustainable development. So, the technique taken to gain information, categorize their factors which affect sustainability is the Delphi technique. In addition, ICOLD Matrix is used to analyze the strategies of transportation comprehensive plan of Tehran with the factors of sustainability. The results of present research conform that the Strategies of Transportation and traffic comprehensive plan of Tehran needs refinement to reach the factors of sustainability. On the other hand, the process of SEA in planning period to achieve sustainable and optimum strategies is considered inevitable.
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