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BackgroundHead and neck cancer is a major health problem. Recent studies on the pathobiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have led to the discovery of a small population of cancer cells with a consistent behavior with the features of cancer stem cells (CSCs).  CSCs are required and responsible for initiation, maintenance and recurrence of disease. Molecular markers are commonly used for the identification of CSCs. CD44 is the most reported CSC marker in OSCC.The aim of the study was to evaluate and correlate the expression of CD44 in different histopathological grades of OSCC, as well as to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of soluble CD44 (CD44sol) in peripheral blood of patients.Materials and methodsFifteen patients with OSCC were included; biopsies were histologically evaluated using haematoxylin and eosin. Serial sections were immunohistochemically stained by monoclonal antibody to CD44. The intensity of immunostaining of CD44 was calculated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to determine the concentration of CD44sol in the blood serum.ResultsAll grades of OSCC showed membranous immunosignaling of CD44. The well, moderately and poorly differentiated OSCC cases showed weak, moderate and intense positive membranous immunosignaling of CD44 respectively.CD44sol levels were significantly higher in OSCC patients than they were in control groups. Soluble CD44 serum levels were significantly higher in poorly differentiated than they were in moderately and well differentiated.ConclusionCSCs detection in fixed human tissue and CD44sol detection in peripheral blood using ELISA seemed to be a promising method and may have a diagnostic and prognostic value in management of OSCC.

INTRODUCTION:Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for more than 90% of all oral cancers. Despite advances in the approach to locally advanced disease, about 50% of the tumors will recur. Fifty percent of patients present nodal involvement that is detectable during diagnosis. Of this group, less than 40% survive after five years, compared with a 90% survival rate for patients without metastasis. If the lesion is detected at an early stage and treated effectively, the survival rate could exceed 50%. Many retrospective studies have shown that microvessel density (MVD) could represent a valid independent prognostic factor for the overall survival. The blood vessel density may constitute a relevant parameter for determining the prognosis and guiding biological treatments for aggressive OSCC OBJECTIVES: To assess the MVD using CD34 in lymph node positive and negative cases and to correlate the results with the lymph node status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MVD was calculated in 22 surgical specimens taken from OSCC patients. Biopsies were taken from the primary tumor of eleven cases proved to have positive lymph node and eleven cases with negative lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed using a Labeled Strept-Avidin Biotin complex method (LSAB), using the CD34 antibody. RESULTS: OSCC biopsies showed immunoreactivity to CD34, the difference between the mean MVD and lymph node status was significantly correlated. No significant relation with the histological grade site was found. CONCLUSIONS: MVD was significantly correlated with lymph node status and it could be used as an indicator for progression and early metastasis of OSCC. But, no correlation was found between the MVD and the histological grading.

INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for the sixth most prevalent malignant neoplasm worldwide, representing 90% of all oral cancers. Despite advances in the detection and treatment, the unsatisfactory prognosis for OSCC has remained stable for decades. To date, cancer research is focused on improving cancer treatment methods using immunotherapy. The Toll-like receptors family (TLR) has served that purpose. These are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that represent essential components of the host's immune responses. The expression of some TLRs, including TLR7, in different tumors has been confirmed in various studies. The clarification of the TLR7 expression and role in OSCC may thus provide new strategies and prospects for more effective cancer diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the expression of TLR7 in human OSCC and correlate it with the different histopathological grades of the tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The TLR7 expression was examined in 10 normal mucosal and 30 OSCC tissue samples. The immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with the anti-TLR7 antibody was performed using the Labeled Strept-Avidin Biotin complex method (LSAB). RESULTS: TLR7 was expressed in all OSCC cases and showed significant difference in its expression among the different grades of the tumor, with a higher expression noted in the more differentiated tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of TLR7 in OSCC may be used as a prognostic marker.

INTRODUCTION: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the commonest malignancy in the oral cavity. It is influenced by genetic modifications; as well as numerous environmental factors, such as smoking, tobacco chewing, alcohol consumption, infection by oncogenic viruses, and low intake of fruits and vegetables. CD105 has been introduced as a marker for angiogenesis which stains vessels that are in the proliferating stage. Ki-67is a nuclear protein that is recognized as a nuclear antigen present in proliferating cells, but absent in resting cells. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and correlate the expression of Ki-67 and CD105 in different histopathological grades of OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical (IHC) study using the Ki-67 and CD105 antibody was done on 20 surgical specimens and 5 normal mucosal tissues taken from OSCC patients and healthy individuals respectively. RESULTS: Remarkable improvement in the histology and the ultrastructure of the alveolar bone of rats in Group III was observed. Moreover, hematological values revealed significant decrease in the inflammatory condition of rats with induced RA after fish oil treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Ki-67 and CD105 are expressed in OSCC biopsies. Additionally, the fraction of Ki-67positive tumor cells (the Ki-67 labeling index) is often correlated with the clinical course of OSCC. CD105 microvessel density can be a useful factor for predicting the course of oral squamous cell carcinoma