The LHCb collaboration has redesigned its trigger to enable the full offline detector reconstruction to be performed in real time. Together with the real-time alignment and calibration of the detector, and a software infrastructure to make persistent the high-level physics objects produced during real-time processing, this redesign enabled the widespread deployment of real-time analysis during Run 2. We describe the design of the Run 2 trigger and real-time reconstruction, and present data-driven performance measurements for a representative sample of LHCb's physics programme. K: Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors; Trigger concepts and systems (hardware and software); Large detector-systems performance; Trigger algorithms A X P : 1812.10790 2019 JINST 14 P04013 6.8.2 Muon and dimuon trigger lines 32 6.8.3 Exclusive and calibration trigger lines 33 6.8.4 Low multiplicity event trigger lines 34 6.8.5 HLT2 bandwidth division 35 7 Conclusions 36

The term partial discharge (PD) refers to a partial bridging of insulating material between electrodes that sustain an electric field in high-voltage (HV) systems. Long-term PD activity can lead to catastrophic failures of HV systems resulting in economic, energy and even human life losses. Such failures and losses can be avoided by continuously monitoring PD activity. Existing techniques used for PD localization including time of arrival (TOA) and time difference of arrival (TDOA), are complicated and expensive because they require time synchronization. In this paper, a novel received signal strength (RSS) based localization algorithm is proposed. The reason that RSS is favoured in this research is that it does not require clock synchronization and it only requires the energy of the received signal rather than the PD pulse itself. A comparison was made between RSS based algorithms including a proposed algorithm, the ratio and search and the least squares algorithm to locate a PD source for nine different positions. The performance of the algorithms was evaluated by using two field scenarios based on seven and eight receiving nodes, respectively. The mean localization error calculated for two-field-trial scenarios show, respectively, 1.80 m and 1.76 m for the proposed algorithm for all nine positions, which is the lowest of the three algorithms.

This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/31039/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or notforprofit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided:• The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy;• A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way.For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Abstract-Partial discharge (PD) is one of the predominant factors to be controlled to ensure reliability and undisrupted functions of power generators, motors, Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) and grid connected power distribution equipment, especially in the future smart grid. The emergence of wireless technology has provided numerous opportunities to optimise remote monitoring and control facilities that can play a significant role in ensuring swift control and restoration of HV plant equipment. In order to monitor PD, several approaches have been employed, however, the existing schemes do not provide an optimal approach for PD signal analysis, and are very costly. In this paper an RTL-SDR (Software Defined Radio) based spectrum analyser has been proposed in order to provide a potentially low cost solution for PD detection and monitoring. Initially, a portable spectrum analyser has been used for PD detection that was later replaced by an RTL-SDR device. The proposed schemes exhibit promising results for spectral detection within the VHF and UHF band.

Abstract-Partial Discharge (PD) occurs when insulation containing defects or voids is subject to high voltages. If left untreated PD can degrade insulation until, eventually, catastrophic insulation failure occurs. The detection of PD current pulses, however, can allow incipient insulation faults to be identified, located and repaired prior to plant failure. Wireless technology has paved the path for PD detection and monitoring. Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a promising technology. Signals from two PD sources are received at six outdoors locations using an SDR USRP N200 which is connected to a laptop. PD sources, thereafter, are localized based on received signal strengths.

This version is available at https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/63466/ Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the Abstract Monitoring of partial discharge (PD) activity within high-voltage electrical environments is increasingly used for the assessment of insulation condition. Traditional measurement techniques employ technologies that either require off-line installation or have high power consumption and are hence costly. A wireless sensor network is proposed that utilizes only received signal strength to locate areas of PD activity within a high-voltage electricity substation. The network comprises low-power and low-cost radiometric sensor nodes which receive the radiation propagated from a source of PD. Results are reported from several empirical tests performed within a large indoor environment and a substation environment using a network of nine sensor nodes. A portable PD source emulator was placed at multiple locations within the network. Signal strength measured by the nodes is reported via WirelessHART to a data collection hub where it is processed using a location algorithm. The results obtained place the measured location within 2 m of the actual source location.

Partial discharge (PD) is an electrical discharge that occurs within part of the dielectric separating two HV (High Voltage) conductors. PD causes damage to the dielectric which typically deteriorates with time. If left untreated, PD may result in catastrophic insulation failure, destruction of HV equipment, and disruption of power supply. The emergence of wireless network technology and software defined radio has opened new opportunities in PD monitoring and early detection of failures. This paper proposes the use of Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) technology for PD detection.

Partial Discharge (PD) occurs when insulation containing voids is subjected to high voltage (HV). If left untreated PD can degrade insulation until, eventually, catastrophic insulation failure occurs. The detection of PD current pulses, however, can allow incipient insulation faults to be identified, located and repaired prior to plant failure. Traditionally PD is detected using galvanic contact methods or capacitive/inductive coupling sensors. This article discusses the use of Software Defined Radio (SDR) for PD detection and localization, and presents proof of principle experimental results that suggest SDR can provide a simple and reliable solution for PD-based monitoring of HV insulation integrity. Introduction to Partial Discharge Insulation of HV equipment is vital for its efficient operation. However, in most HV power systems, degradation and breakdown of insulation is a major challenge, [1]. Partial discharge in electrical systems indicates the deterioration of insulating materials. Sometimes this is just an air or gas-filled void in a solid or liquid dielectric insulator. When insulators are subjected to intense electrical stresses in the presence of impurities, PD is likely to occur. If two insulating materials with different dielectric permittivity are subjected to a voltage, the resultant electric field is greater in the region of smaller permittivity (e.g. in a void). Electrical breakdown can occur in this region without occurring elsewhere. Figure 1 shows an equivalent circuit for the partial discharge phenomenon where a capacitive voltage divider is formed between the two regions. Repeated partial discharge further damages the insulation by causing treeing and may eventually result in complete catastrophic discharge, i.e. flashover. Thus PD is defined as a localized electrical discharge that only partially bridges the insulation between conductors.

Smart grid is the term used to describe the next generation power grid in which the management of electricity distribution is enhanced by advanced two-way communications, so that it monitors, protects, and takes decisions automatically to optimize the operation of its interconnected elements. The smart grid is made possible by combining two-way communications and persistent computing capabilities, to enhance control, efficiency, reliability, and safety. Using two-way digital technologies, a smart grid can transport electricity between suppliers and consumers. Such technology allows consumers to save energy, reduce cost and increase their smart appliances' efficiency, reliability and transparency. Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a promising technology, it can support the smart grid so that it can provide control, protection and automatic optimization to operate its interconnected elements effectively and efficiently. This paper proposes the use of Software Defined Radio (SDR) for Partial Discharge (PD) detection and localization at the user end in the smart grid.