L’élevage et particulièrement la production du lait occupent une place prépondérante comme facteur de réduction de la pauvreté et de croissance économique. La présente étude a eu pour objectif de caractériser les systèmes de production et les processus de diversification vers le lait en milieu (péri) urbain [communauté urbaine de Niamey (CUN)] et en milieu rural [commune rurale de Filingué (CRF)] au Niger. Dans la CUN, des enquêtes ont été réalisées dans 35 sites laitiers choisis de manière aléatoire parmi les 150 déjà répertoriés sur un rayon de 50 km autour de la capitale. Un choix raisonné de 12 sites a permis d’administrer le questionnaire à 169 chefs de ménage. Dans la CRF, 49 chefs de ménage, répartis dans cinq villages, situés dans un rayon de 75 km autour de Filingué, ont été enquêtés. Les résultats ont montré que dans la CUN les éleveurs possédaient un petit nombre de vaches laitières (en moyenne cinq vaches, soit 28 p. 100 du cheptel bovin) ; la production s’étalait sur toutes les saisons et était de 7 à 10 l/ménage/jour ; le lait frais était plus souvent commercialisé qu’en CRF en raison de la présence d’unités de transformation laitière. En revanche, dans la CRF, les effectifs étaient plus importants (en moyenne 10 vaches laitières, soit 52 p. 100 du cheptel bovin) ; les femelles ne produisaient qu’en saison des pluies et en saison sèche froide (de 0 à 10 l/ ménage/jour pour 66 p. 100 des enquêtés, et entre 10 et 20 l pour 20 p. 100 des enquêtés) ; les produits laitiers étaient plus souvent transformés avant d’être vendus (beurre fondu, lait caillé, fromage). Les innovations observées chez les éleveurs enquêtés ont porté sur les transformations et les modifications de la conduite du troupeau. Les contraintes au développement de la production laitière relevaient, en milieu urbain, du problème de production et de conservation du lait frais de bonne qualité jusqu’au transformateur ou au consommateur et, en milieu rural, du problème de débouchés. Il est nécessaire, en milieu urbain, d’organiser l’approvisionnement en intrants alimentaires, la collecte du lait du soir et de procéder à une vulgarisation rapprochée de thèmes techniques et de pratiques innovantes.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Niger, with outbreaks occurring every year. Recently, there was an increasing interest from veterinary authorities to implement preventive and control measures against FMD. However, for an efficient control, improving the current knowledge on the disease dynamics and factors related to FMD occurrence is a prerequisite. The objective of this study was therefore to obtain insights into the incidence and the spatio-temporal patterns of transmission of FMD outbreaks in Niger based on the retrospective analysis of 9-year outbreak data. A regression tree analysis model was used to identify statistically significant predictors associated with FMD incidence, including the period (year and month), the location (region), the animal-contact density and the animal-contact frequency. This study provided also a first report on economic losses associated with FMD. From 2007 to 2015, 791 clinical FMD outbreaks were reported from the eight regions of Niger, with the number of outbreaks per region ranging from 5 to 309. The statistical analysis revealed that three regions (Dosso, Tillabery and Zinder), the months (September, corresponding to the end of rainy season, to December and January, i.e., during the dry and cold season), the years (2007 and 2015) and the density of contact were the main predictors of FMD occurrence. The quantitative assessment of the economic impacts showed that the average total cost of FMD at outbreak level was 499 euros, while the average price for FMD vaccination of one outbreak was estimated to be more than 314 euros. Despite some limitations of the clinical data used, this study will guide further research into the epidemiology of FMD in Niger and will promote a better understanding of the disease as well as an efficient control and prevention of FMD.
The prevalence of intra-mammary infections in dairy herds was studied in Hamdallaye, Niger. A total of 956 milk samples were collected in 2007 from 239 lactating cows of four local breeds in eight traditional herds; the first sampling was undertaken in the dry season at morning milking, and the second in the rainy season at evening milking. Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CNS) and environmental microorganisms were detected in significantly (p < 0.05) more samples in the rainy season, 55.2%, than in the dry season, 27.1%. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences in prevalence were observed among herds and according to lactation number. Infections were assigned to four classes, according to the major pathogen, and the respective mean somatic cell counts during the dry season were: S. aureus, 775 x 10(3) cells/ml; CNS, 447 x 10(3) cells/ml; environmental microorganisms, 407 x 10(3) cells/ml; and non-infected, 262 x 10(3) cells/ml. Most of the tested strains were sensitive to antibiotics, and selected strains of S. aureus (n = 15) were negative to the multiplex PCR tests for production of enterotoxins.
L’objectif principal de cette étude a été non seulement de contribuer à la connaissance de la chèvre rousse de Maradi, mais également de comparer les paramètres de reproduction, le poids adulte, les mensurations et la croissance de la chèvre noire à ceux de la rousse. Des enquêtes verbales et rétrospectives ont été réalisées pour trois lots de chèvres (noires et rousses) : 106 ayant eu 3 à 4 mises bas, 97 ayant eu deux mises bas et 87 primipares. Sept mensurations ainsi que les poids adultes ont également été relevés sur 125 femelles rousses et noires de 4 ans ± 3 mois. L’évolution pondérale de 38 cabris noirs et roux en milieu villageois a été suivie de la naissance à deux mois. L’analyse statistique des données sur les deux robes en milieu villageois a montré des résultats globalement analogues. Néanmoins, la prolificité a toujours été plus élevée chez les chèvres à robe rousse que chez les chèvres à robe noire quelle qu’ait été la parité.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious transboundary disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animal species. The aim of this review was to identify and critically assess some modelling techniques for FMD that are well supported by scientific evidence from the literature with a focus on their use in African countries where the disease remains enzootic. In particular, this study attempted to provide a synopsis of the relative strengths and weaknesses of these models and their relevance to FMD prevention policies. A literature search was conducted to identify quantitative and qualitative risk assessments for FMD, including studies that describe FMD risk factor modelling and spatiotemporal analysis. A description of retrieved papers and a critical assessment of the modelling methods, main findings and their limitations were performed. Different types of models have been used depending on the purpose of the study and the nature of available data. The most frequently identified factors associated with the risk of FMD occurrence were the movement (especially uncontrolled animal movement) and the mixing of animals around water and grazing points. Based on the qualitative and quantitative risk assessment studies, the critical pathway analysis showed that the overall risk of FMDV entering a given country is low. However, in some cases, this risk can be elevated, especially when illegal importation of meat and the movement of terrestrial livestock are involved. Depending on the approach used, these studies highlight shortcomings associated with the application of models and the lack of reliable data from endemic settings. Therefore, the development and application of specific models for use in FMD endemic countries including Africa is encouraged.
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