Systematic investigations involving laboratory, analytical, and field trials were carried out to obtain the most efficient adsorbent for the removal of congo red (CR) dye from industrial effluent. Modification of the zeolite (Z) by the Acanthophora Spicifera algae (AS; marine algae) was evaluated in terms of adsorption capability of the zeolite to remove CR dye from aqueous solution. The zeolite/algae composite (ZAS) was fabricated using the wet impregnation technique. The AS, Z, and the synthesized ZAS composite were analyzed utilizing various characterization techniques. The newly synthesized ZAS composite has an adsorption capacity that is significantly higher than that of Z and AS, particularly at low CR concentrations. Batch experiments were carried out to explore the effects of different experimental factors, as well as the dye adsorption isotherms and kinetics. Owing to the presence of intermolecular interactions, the computational analysis showed that the adsorption of the CR molecule on zeolite surfaces is exothermic, energetically favorable, and spontaneous. Furthermore, growing the zeolite surface area has no discernible effect on the adsorption energies in all configurations. The ZAS composite may be used as a low-cost substitute adsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes from industrial wastewater at lower dye concentrations, according to the experimental results. Adsorption of CR dye onto Z, AS, and ZAS adsorbents was adequately explained by pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm. The sorption mechanism was also evaluated using Weber’s intra-particle diffusion module. Finally, field testing revealed that the newly synthesized adsorbent was 98.0% efficient at extracting dyes from industrial wastewater, proving the foundation of modern eco-friendly materials that aid in the reuse of industrial wastewater.
The beneficial effect of adding γ‐AlOOH to the γ‐Al2O3 washcoat of a ceramic cordierite (2MgO · 2Al2O3 · 5SiO2) monolith, used to support a PdO catalyst, is reported for methane oxidation in the presence of water at low temperature (<500°C). The mini‐monolith (400 cells per square inch (CPI), 1 cm diameter × 2.54 cm length; ~52 cells) was washcoated using a suspension of γ‐Al2O3 plus boehmite (γ‐AlOOH), followed by calcination and then deposition of Pd by wet impregnation. An optimum solid content of 25 wt% in the washcoat suspension was used to obtain a ~25 wt% washcoat on the monolith. The presence of γ‐AlOOH enhanced the thermal and mechanical stability of the washcoat, provided that the γ‐AlOOH content was <8 wt%. Temperature‐programmed methane oxidation (TPO) showed that the addition of γ‐AlOOH to the γ‐Al2O3 washcoat decreased the catalyst activity. However, when H2O (2 vol% and 5 vol%) was present in the feed gas, the γ‐AlOOH improved the catalyst activity and stability. A γ‐AlOOH content of ~5 wt% in the washcoat was determined to provide the highest catalyst activity and stability for CH4 oxidation in the presence of water.
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