One of the major fields of actions in sustainable development is energy. The correlation between the number of renewable energy sources and selected socioeconomic variables was already analysed, however, other energy indicators used for sustainable development assessment should be also checked. This issue is especially important outside the biggest cities in Poland due to the different energy use in relation to the density of urban development. The aim of the study is to identify the correlation between the energy use and other factors used to assess the sustainable development on the case of units of rural and semi-rural character. The studies used data from the public statistics system, the objects were NUTS-4 districts, according to the Eurostat classification. Classical statistical methods were used in the causality study: independence tests and correlation and association measures of random variables (Spearman's rank correlation), and materiality tests of particular variables and their groups in linear econometric models. There was a statistically significant cause and effect relationship between electricity consumption and the amount of mixed municipal waste collected from households during the year, the number of household sewage treatment plants, natural growth per 1000 population, demographic dependency ratio, average usable area of a flat, the number of unemployed registered with higher education in relation to the number of people of working age and the share of the long-term unemployed registered at the age of 55-64 in the total number of unemployed at that age. In addition, a strong non-linear correlation relationship with the usable area of a flat per person was obtained. Subsequent research will concern searching for indicated dependencies in groups of similar objects.
The purpose of this research was to assess the development potential of cities and municipalities in Wałbrzych County, approached from the perspective of social, economic and environmental potential. Comparisons were performed for the periods 2002–2004 and 2016–2018. The following problem questions were formulated in the study: Which strategic goals can currently act as incentives for taking action in the analysed post-industrial areas, and for which ones should development be particularly strengthened? What development direction should be taken by individual municipalities in Wałbrzych County? The research covering the development potential of the municipalities was conducted using the multidimensional analysis method, and the similarities in municipal potential were analysed taking into account a comparison of distances between individual diagnostic variables. Among the analysed municipalities, in terms of social, economic and environmental potential, Szczawno-Zdrój and Czarny Bór achieved the best results, and Boguszów Gorce ranked the worst. In some municipalities, a noticeable increase in social potential (Jedlina-Zdrój, Mieroszów, Walim) or economic potential (Jedlina-Zdrój) was observed, and a significant decline in economic potential in Stare Bogaczowice was seen. As a result of the research, the following was established: the policies of municipal authorities have to focus on improving the living conditions of residents; the crucial factors are opening new jobs, providing appropriate living conditions and services and offering diverse sports and tourism options. Efforts should be made to take advantage of the inherent potential in the area, also by highlighting the preserved post-industrial buildings and constructions.
Analyzing the content of bioelements and toxic metals in honeys of various botanical origin is important for the consumers' health. In addition, many authors notice that results of such analyses can help to identify the botanical and geographical origin of honey and to use the product as a bioindicator of the overall contamination of the environment. The content of As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Mg, Fe, Cr was determined in samples of nectar honey (acacia, linden, goldenrod, multifloral, buckwheat, oilseed rape) originating from some areas in the Province of Lower Silesia unexposed to industrial and traffic emissions. In order to demonstrate differences in concentrations of the metals in particular honey samples, one-factor analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied, and the correlation between levels of individual metals in the honeys was investigated. Similarities between the honeys with regard to the metal content were determined using Ward's method of cluster analysis. Among the analyzed nectar honeys from Lower Silesia, the content of zinc was the highest in linden flower honey (13.41 mg kg-1), copper and manganese-in buckwheat (1.50 mg kg-1 and 9.40 mg kg-1 , respectively), nickel-in multifloral (1.03 mg kg-1) and buckwheat (1.25 mg kg-1), magnesium-in goldenrod (29.6 mg kg-1) and iron-in linden flower (2.11 mg kg-1) and goldenrod (2.00 mg kg-1) honeys. The content of arsenic, cadmium and lead did not exceed the permissible values, i.e. 0.20, 0.03 and 0.30 mg kg-1. The correlation analysis performed on the concentrations of the metals in the honeys demonstrated that manganese was positively correlated with copper and nickel, while iron correlated with zinc. Najwiêksze podobieñstwo, jeoeli chodzi o kumulacjê metali, wykaza³y miody rzepakowy i akacjowy oraz wielokwiatowy i naw³ociowy. Wykorzystuj¹c ten fakt do bioindykacji ska¿enia oerodowiska, nale¿a³oby zweryfikowaae go na materiale pochodz¹cym z obszarów, gdzie wy-st¹pi³yby ró¿nice w zawartooeci metali szczególnie niebezpiecznych, zw³aszcza kadmu i o³owiu.
Infl uence of meteorological conditions on the yield of winter oilseed rape in Lower Silesia. This work uses the results of Post-registration Cultivar and Agricultural Experimentation conducted in 1999-2011 in Lower Silesia, on soils of very good and good wheat complex. The rape vegetation season was divided into fi ve periods that approximately corresponded to the phenological phases of the plant, namely: September-November (from sowing to stemming the growing season in the autumn), December-March (stunted vegetation -renewal of vegetation), April (renewal of vegetation -the beginning of fl owering), May (fl owering), June (end of fl owering -technical maturity). In the constructed regression model the following factors were included: the average air temperature and total precipitation in the periods, the content of phosphorus, potassium and pH of soil and fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Comparing the impact of meteorological conditions in different growing periods of winter rape, it was found that the weakest impact on the yield had temperature and precipitation from September to November. During this period, the optimum for yield are the following conditions: average temperature 10.4°C and precipitation total 145 mm. The winter period (December-March) has the strongest impact on the yield of rape. The yield is conspicuously higher with lower average air temperatures. Optimal for yield is precipitation of 171 mm (highest tested) and a relatively low average air temperature (-0.9°C). In April, the decisive factor is rainfall. Its lower values (12 mm) favour higher yield. The optimum weather in this period is 12 mm precipitation and average temperature of 9.1°C. Rape yield increases with increasing average air temperature in May and is highest when its value is 15°C and rainfall in this month is above average (73 mm). The weather in June has less impact on rape crop than in the three previous periods. The optimal layout is: 27 mm precipitation and temperature 16°C, these values being the smallest tested.
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