This review describes precisely the consequence of TGFb1 prevalence in the organism, and its significant influence on physiological and pathophysiological processes. Organ and tissue distinctiveness hinder unambiguous characterisation of the cytokine. However, there are constant functions of TGFb1 inducing no controversy: it participates in foetal development, control of cell growth and differentiation, induces fibrosis and scar formation (the process of 'wound healing'), causes the suppression of immune response, is involved in angiogenesis, the development of tumours, and inflammatory processes. Thus, TGFb1 is a multifunctional cytokine. There are three fundamental directions of its activities: I. TGFb1 regulates cell proliferation, growth, differentiation and cells movement. II. TGFb1 has immunomodulatory effects. III. TGFb1 has profibrogenic effects. TGFb1 action can be local and systemic. This review describes TGFb1 in pathology: colitis ulcerosa, Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic foot, pulmonary hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease. TGFb1 and its receptors are also of interest to endocrinologists. Lack of TGFb1-dependent growth control may result in oncogenesis: papillary, follicular and anaplastic thyroid cancers, prostate, breast and uterine cervical cancer, oesophagus, gastric, colorectal and liver cancers, NSCLC, and malignant melanoma. Excessive TGFb1 activity is an integral part of the fibrotic processes occurring in the response to injury. An increased TGFb1 expression has been observed in patients with pulmonary, kidney, and liver fibrosis. In chronic hepatitis, the prolonged stimulation of hepatic stellate cells being the result of chronic damage to hepatocytes results in the release of profibrogenic abundant factors such as TGFb1 and leads to the development of liver cirrhosis. The results of experimental procedures and treatment known as anti-TGFb1 strategy acting against the fibrosis in various tissues leads to hope regarding the use of anti-TGFb1 strategy in clinical practice. StreszczenieW artykule poglądowym szczegółowo opisano konsekwencje rozpowszechnienia TGFb1 w organizmie oraz jego wpływ na szereg procesów fizjologicznych i patofizjologicznych. Istotne odrębności narządowe i tkankowe utrudniają jednoznaczną charakterystykę tej cytokiny. Istnieją jednak stałe funkcje TGFb1 nie wzbudzające kontrowersji: uczestniczy w rozwoju płodu, regulacji wzrostu i różnicowa-nia komórek, indukuje proces włóknienia i bliznowacenia (proces "gojenia rany"), powoduje hamowanie odpowiedzi immunologicznej, uczestniczy w angiogenezie, w rozwoju nowotworów, w procesach zapalnych -jest więc cytokiną wieloczynnościową. Można wyróżnić trzy fundamentalne kierunki jego działania: I -TGFb1 reguluje proliferację, wzrost, różnicowanie i przemieszczanie komórek; II -TGFb1 wykazuje działanie immunomodulujące; III -TGFb1 wykazuje działanie profibrogenne. Działanie TGFb1 może mieć charakter miejscowy i systemowy. Opisano udział TGFb1 w stanach patologicznyc...

Both serum TGF-beta1 concentration and mRNA TGF-beta1 expression in liver biopsy specimens may be useful as prognostic markers in patients with hepatitis C undergoing antiviral therapy.

BackgroundRemoving a tooth from the jaw results in the occurrence of oroantral communication in beneficial anatomic conditions or in the case of a iatrogenic effect. Popularized treatments of the oroantral communication have numerous faults. Large bone defect eliminates the chance to introduce an implant. Purpose of this work was assessment of the usefulness of autogenous bone graft and PRF in normal bone regeneration in the site of oroantral communication.Material and MethodsBone regeneration in the site of oroantral communication was assessed in 20 patients. Bone defects were supplemented autogenous bone graft from mental protuberance in 14 cases and from oblique line in 6 cases. The graft was covered with a PRF membrane.ResultsIn the study group in all cases closure of the oroantral communication was observed. The average width of the alveolar was 13 mm and the average height was 12.5 mm. In 3 patients an average increase of alveolar height of 1.5 mm was observed.ConclusionsThis method may be the best option to prepare alveolar for new implant and prosthetic solutions. Key words:Oroantral communication, oroantral fistula, autogenous bone graft, bone regeneration, platelet rich fibrin.

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Elevated serum adiponectin levels in GD patients are related to the degree of hyperthyroidism and autoimmune process. The presence and activity of ophthalmopathy is not a modifier of serum adiponectin and resistin.