After intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS), Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally either with saline or erdosteine (100 mg/kg per day), a sulfhydryl-containing antioxidant, for 3 days. On the 4th day, rats were decapitated and distal colon was removed for the macroscopic and microscopic damage scoring, for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and collagen levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, luminol and lucigenin chemiluminescence (CL) and DNA fragmentation. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and antioxidant capacity were assayed in blood samples. Colitis caused significant increases in the colonic CL values, macroscopic and microscopic damage scores, MDA and collagen levels, MPO activity and DNA fragmentation, along with a significant decrease in tissue GSH level. Similarly, serum cytokines and LDH were elevated in the saline-treated colitis group as compared with the control group. On the other hand, erdosteine treatment reversed all these biochemical indices, and histopathologic alterations induced by TNBS, suggesting that erdosteine protects the colonic tissue via its radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.
The combination of naproxen sodium (NAP) and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE) has an effect as a pain reliever, fever reducer and nasal decongestant in pharmaceutical tablet formulations. Particularly, the above combination temporarily relieves cold, sinus and flu symptoms such as sinus pressure, minor body aches and pains, headache, nasal and sinus congestion (promotes sinus drainage and restores freer breathing through the nose) and fever.In the literature, NAP in single component samples was investigated by voltametry 1) and spectrofluorometry.2) HPLC was applied to the simultaneous quantitation of NAP and PSE impurities.3) NAP with other compounds in the samples was determined by using HPLC, 4) chemometric methods 5,6) and capillary electrophoresis. 7) Determination of PSE in human plasma was carried out by HPLC. 8) PSE with other compounds in the sample was carried out by using HPTLC, 9) capillary electrophoresis. 10) HPLC, 11) spectrophotometry, 12,13) derivative and ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry 14) and ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry, and Vierord's method. 15)Although HPLC, as a comparison method, is the current method of choice for the analysis of multicomponent pharmaceutical formulations, it requires a separation treatment and several injections during analysis. In chromatographic analysis, the main problems of this method involve the optimization of experimental conditions such as selection of column type, temperature of column, variety and composition of mobile phase, selection of one specific wavelength and cheap instrumentation. In spite of the fact that this method undoubtedly provides more sensitive determination than the spectrophotometric methods, the calculations at one specific wavelength produce some errors in the process of construction of linear regression equations. Namely, in the case of a single wavelength detector response classic HPLC gives some chromatographic area errors coming from injection and instrumental fluctuations, as well as the other sources. Therefore, the above mentioned facts affect the result of analysis. For these reasons, the simultaneous use of chromatograms to obtain a multiwavelength PDA detector response will eliminate the errors of single regression equations based on single wavelength. The injection (times of) frequency until achievement of the final result will decrease by the simultaneous use of HPLC and chemometric calibration techniques. This procedure reduces the time of analysis and consumption of reactants.In recent years, chemometric calibrations such as classical least-squares (CLS), inverse least squares (ILS), principle component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) have been applied to the analysis of analytical data obtained from many instruments. [16][17][18][19][20] Chemometric calibration techniques have been subjected to the resolution of overlapping spectra for the determination of active compounds in samples containing two or more compounds. [21][22][23][24] In our study, CLS, PCR and PLS calibration te...
These findings indicate that CCE accelerated the cutaneous wound healing process in diabetic wounds, in confirmation of its traditional use.
IntroductionWound healing is a complex and well-designed repair process that occurs after any injury, such as surgical procedures or trauma. The process is divided into three serial phases: inflammation, tissue formation, and tissue remodeling (Wu and Chen, 2014). Apoptosis is important to the wound healing process, especially in removing inflammatory cells and inhibiting scar formation. The early phase of inflammation is characterized by the invasion of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes to the wound area. The fibroblasts then migrate and synthesize extracellular matrix components. Inflammatory cells must be removed in order to begin this next phase of wound healing. Remodeling of granulation tissue during the wound healing process is also accompanied by the apoptosis of fibroblasts (Rai et al., 2005;Wu and Chen, 2014). Dysregulation in these apoptotic processes may result in abnormal wound healing, such as hypertrophic scars and keloid formation (Greenhalgh, 1998), or may delay wound healing (Deveci et al., 2005;Blakytny and Jude, 2006). p53 is generally known as a tumor suppressor and can induce apoptosis via transcription-dependent or -independent mechanisms (Lippens et al., 2009). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that arise after cutaneous injury may worsen the healing process and induce apoptosis (Hameedaldeen et al., 2014). Low and normal levels of ROS play important roles in wound repair and signal transduction for reepithelialization and proliferation of cells, such as the collagenase activity and the epidermal growth factor signaling. However, higher levels of ROS can cause oxidative stress and may damage intracellular macromolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. Therefore, regulating oxidative stress and the inflammatory response is important during the cutaneous wound healing process (Schäfer and Werner, 2008;Hameedaldeen et al., 2014). The utilization of antioxidants has been considered as an effective therapeutic approach in wound healing (James et al., 2001;Sharifi et al., 2012). Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone produced primarily by the pineal gland and secreted in the dark during night. It modulates sleep, reproduction, circadian rhythm, and immunity. Additionally, melatonin is a potent antioxidant and directly detoxifies oxygen and nitrogen-based reactants Sener et al., 2009). It affects the activity and the levels of cellular mRNA of antioxidant enzymes including Abstract: Elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be an important strategy to improve healing of wounds. ROS have an effect on proliferation and cell survival signaling, which results in alteration of apoptotic pathways in cells. Melatonin has antioxidant properties on skin wounds. In our study, we investigated the effects of topical melatonin (3%, w/w) on apoptosis and p53 protein expression together with parameters of oxidative stress in a cutaneous excision wound model. Bcl-2 protein levels in wound tissue at the end of days 3, 7, and 14 were significantly increased, while caspase-3 activity an...
The effects of aqueous‐ethanol extract of Horse chestnut (HCE) on MMP‐1 and MMP‐9 expressions during cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats were investigated in this study. The expressions of MMP‐1 and MMP‐9, wound closure, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, hydroxyproline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in wound tissue were measured. Quercetin glucuronide in HCE was identified as main compound using a LC‐MS/MS. The hydroxyproline level was significantly increased in the treated group versus control after the 3rd and 7th days (p < 0.05). The MDA level and MPO activity were significantly lower in the treatment group (p < 0.05). MMP‐1 gene expression level in treated rats was increased in the 7th day while it was reduced in 14th day. MMP‐9 gene expression level in treated rats was decreased in 7th, and 14th days compared to control (p < 0.05). These results show that HCE accelerated the cutaneous wound‐healing process in diabetic rats via MMP‐1 and MMP‐9 regulation. Practical applications The main function of MMPs is to degrade and deposite the various components of the extracellular matrix. Also, they participate physiological processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Horse chestnut seeds (HC) are known to be rich in saponins and flavonoids. HC are used for the treatment of abdominal pain, stomach ache, cold, hemorrhoids, arterial stiffness, rheumatism, oedema, diarrhea, chronic venous insufficiency and also as an antihemorrhagic and antipyretic in traditional medicine. It has been shown that HC has anti‐inflammatory, antioedema, vessel protective, and free radical scavenging properties. This study indicates that HCE could be an effective agent for wound healing in diabetic wound model via its ability to suppress the MMP‐9 gene expression and regulates MMP‐1 gene expression besides its antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory effects.
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