Understanding how climate affects tree phenology, biotic and abiotic vulnerability, is a most important research subject. Particularly, climate warming appears to lengthen the growing season, which may affect the exposition to insect pests and pathogens. Also, extreme weather events combined with shifts in phenology may have dramatic consequences, such as early leaf flushing exposure to freezing events. In this study 2 arboreta were followed in the south most distribution of the REINFFORCE Network (Lisbon and Sintra) for 3 species, one native (Quercus robur L.) and 2 non-native (Quercus rubra L. and Betula pendula Roth). Plant growth, leaf phenology and insect damage were assessed according to protocols defined under REINFFORCE project. Species x site interaction was found significant for survival and growth. Phenology differed between and within all species. No difference found for frost tolerance. B. pendula had earlier bud burst at both sites, resulting in a longer growth period, and higher stem growth, being least affected by insect damage, although survival was affected under higher temperature, where Q. robur performed better. This study corroborates the importance of REINFORCE arboreta network as a tool to assess climate change impact on forest species and support assisted migration considering climate change scenarios.
Ninety buffalo's milk samples included 20 bulk tank milk samples from small dairy farms and 70 from retail milk at different localities in Dakahlia Governorate. Forty-eight individual milk specimens were obtained from animals positive for Rose Bengal Test (RBT), buffered acidified plate antigen test (BAPAT) together. Milk samples were tested with a milk ring test (MRT), followed by isolation and identification of the prevalent serotypes. At the same time, conventional PCR was applied. One hundred and sixty seven buffalo's serum samples were collected from 12 smallholder's herds and their bulk tanks gave positive to MRT were confirmed by BAPAT and RBT. A total of 50 karish cheese were collected from street vendors and supermarkets located in Mansoura city, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Conventional PCR was also used to detect Brucella DNA at the species level on the collected cheese samples. The results showed that the prevalence of brucellosis in small dairy buffalo farms was 60% by MRT and 28.7% though using RBT and BAPAT. The prevalence of Brucella in buffalo's retail milk was 20% in each of Bilqase, Sherbin, and Talkha, 30% in each of Aga and Nabroh, 10% in Sinblaween. However no positive results was revealed in Mansoura. The isolation rate of Brucella was 31.25% in individual positive samples and 7.69% in retail positive milk samples. While using conventional PCR, the percentage reached 62.5% in individual positive samples and 69.23% in retail positive milk samples. All Brucella isolates (n = 16) were biochemically identified into three Brucella abortus biovar1 (18.75%) and 13 Brucella melitensis biovar 3 (81.25%). The prevalence of Brucella in examined Karish cheese was 20%. All of the tested isolates were verified using conventional PCR. Raw milk and unpasteurized soft cheese have public health risks for humans and are possible sources of transmitting Brucella and must be under regular and mandatory food control measures.
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