Forensic anthropology involves the building of an antemortem profile of an individual from skeletal remains. This includes sex, race determination, and age and stature estimation. Because most bones that are conventionally used for sex determination are often recovered either in a fragmented or incomplete state, it has become necessary to use denser bones that are often recovered intact, eg, the patella, calcaneus, and talus. The present work was performed to investigate the possibility of estimation of sex from some radiologic measurements among a known cross-section of Egyptian population. In this study lateral and anteroposterior radiographs of the right foot and knee were made on 160 living unfractured and nonpathologic individuals comprising 80 males and 80 females aged 25 to 65 years referred to the Radiology Department of Assiut University Hospital. Two measurements on right patella (maximum height and maximum width) and 2 measurements of metatarsal bones (length and midshaft diameter), were used to determine sex by univariate and multivariate discriminant analysis. Eighty radiographs of foot and patella of individuals not used in the original sample were randomly selected to test the accuracy of this method. The study revealed that significant sex differences were demonstrated based on these measurements taken on metatarsal bones more than on patella. One function associating 2 parameters (length and midshaft) of the third metatarsal bone obtained the highest value of correct sex determination with rate of 100% accuracy. The multivariate function associating length of the first, third, and fifth metatarsal bones and midshaft of first, second, and fifth metatarsal gave 100% accuracy. Test of multivariate function on the independent sample revealed a correct classification of 87.5%.

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All rights reserved. AbstractTramadol is one of typical centrally acting opioids. It is indicated for management of moderate to severe pain. Now it is considered to be the most widely sold analgesic in the world. Aim: To detect the effect of subchronic administration of tramadol on brain and spinal cord of the experimental animals as histopathologic changes in brain cells. Methods: Sixty adult male albino rats were divided into three equal groups each was 20 rats. Control group, group I that received Tramadol orally at increasing doses 1/10 LD50, 1/5 LD50 and lastly four times the initial dose for the first, second and third months respectively, and Group II that received 1/10 LD50 for one month. All rats were scarified after 24 hours of the last dose at the end of each experimental period under ether anesthesia. Craniotomy and laminectomy were performed for histopathological studies. The presences of number of red neurons which are histological marker of apoptosis were investigated in brain and spinal cord. Results: The number of small sized neurons was greater in group II than in group I. There was statistical difference regarding neuopil density and color staining among three groups. Neuopil was lighter in staining and less dense in groups I and II comparing to control (p≤0.002 and p≤0.001) using SPSS program. The highest number of red neurons was found in hippocampal region followed by occipital and frontal regions. The abnormalities regions in the spinal cord tissue were less than those in the brain tissue. Conclusions: chronic use of Tramadol is an important factor responsible for histopathological changes in neurons.

Lead is a toxicant heavy metal which cross the placenta and accumulate in the fetal tissues. Prenatal exposure to lead poses a health threat and causes adverse effects on intrauterine growth and neurodevelopment. The present study aimed to: 1) Determine maternal as well as fetal blood and hair lead levels. 2) Evaluate the correlation between maternal and fetal levels of lead. 3) Study the possible effects of maternal blood lead levels on the anthropometric measurements of their neonates. The study was carried out on 38 pregnant women and their fetuses. All blood and hair samples of the mothers and their fetuses were analyzed for estimation of lead concentration using atomic absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed significant increase in maternal and fetal blood as well as hair lead. There was statistically significant correlation between maternal and fetal blood lead and maternal and fetal hair lead. The high levels of maternal blood lead affect the anthropometric measurement of the fetus. The affection of dimension of infant growth at level ≥ 10 µg/dl was more than low levels. Also, there was significant negative correlation between maternal blood lead levels and birth weight, fetal length, head circumference, chest circumference and mid-arm circumference. In conclusion, there was highly statistically significant relation between maternal and fetal blood lead levels, hair help in the determination of level of lead exposure as there was significant relation between fetal blood and hair lead levels. Also, lead levels in maternal blood affect neonatal anthropometric measurements. Simple preventive measures may play a role in decreasing maternal blood lead and thereby decreasing trans-placental transfer of lead to the fetus and protect the fetus from adverse effect of lead.

Visceral findings: no abnormalities were detected among fetuses in therapeutic doses of treated groups. Fetuses of ¼ LD50 treated groups showed internal abnormalities in heads cross sections, while other levels showed no difference from control. Conclusion: lamotrigine in therapeutic dose can be used safely by epileptic pregnant females.