This study supports the effectiveness of local application of green tea as antibacterial and anticariogenic material as it decreases the acidity of the saliva and plaque, so it is a cost-effective caries prevention measures especially in developing countries.

SUMMARYBackground: Diabetes is a serious public health problem that threatens the quality of life of patiens with diabetes, the success of long-term maintenance therapy for diabetes depends largely on the patients' compliance with a therapeutic plan.Aim of this study: to assess compliance of diabetic patients to diabetes self-Management in rural El Minia, and to determine the associated factors related to it.Subjects and Method: Cross sectional analytic study. Rural adults identified as having previously diagnosed diabetes were recruited to participate in this study. A total of 206 rural community diabetics were randomly chosen and subjected to interview questionnaire on history of diabetes, type of medication, self-management of diabetes as glucose examination, dietary modification, and eye examination.Results: Mean age of participants was 54±6.3 years and mean duration of diabetes was 12±8 years. Nearly one third of the patients used insulin and more than half used oral hypoglycemic. The results of this study revealed that good adherence to diabetes self-management was reported among 41.7% of adult diabetic patients who show good adherence to diet instructions, but only 21.4% to blood glucose test. There was no gender difference regarding self care of diabetes. Younger age group had more glycemic control than older age; longer duration of diabetes was significantly associated with poor glycemic control.Conclusion: Compliance to self-management of diabetes is suboptimal among rural adult community diabetic.

Background: Surveillance of infectious disease markers in the blood donor population is important in recognizing trends in prevalence and incidence of transfusion related infections in asymptomatic volunteer blood donors.Subjects and Methods: It was a cross sectional study. Samples were collected from volunteer blood donors and questionnaire was designed to collect the risk factors data. The prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies among 1,000 apparently healthy blood donors were determined.Objective: To estimate the prevalence of virus C hepatic infection and to illustrate the various socio-economic, behavioural and medical factors related to infection with Hepatitis C (HCV) among apparently healthy individuals. It contributed to analysis of the particularities of Egyptian blood donors and helped to better understand the challenges and solutions of blood safety.Results: The prevalence of HCV was 16.8%. There was an association of positive anti-HCV test with socio-demographic, medical and behavioural risk factors.Conclusion: This study provided comprehensive and reliable information on the possible risk factors affecting spread of Hepatitis C in the area.

Background: Unintended pregnancy is a major public health problem that affects not only the individuals directly involved but also society. Most couples who want to avoid pregnancy practice contraception. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of discontinuation of the different methods of contraception and describe the most common reasons of discontinuation of contraception usage. Method: The 2005 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) is a nationally representative household survey of 19 474 married women aged 15–49 years. The study sample was selected using a multistage sampling technique. A face-to-face structured interview was conducted with the selected women. The response rate was 99.5% for completing the questionnaires. The 2005 EDHS provides a wealth of information on fertility, family planning, maternal and child health and nutrition, and violence against women. Results: The results of this study showed that 46.4% of women discontinued the use of contraception. Side effects of the method were the most frequent reason of discontinuation. Conclusion: Nearly half of Egyptian women discontinued the use of contraception due to side effects and wanted more children. [TAF Prev Med Bull 2013; 12(1.000): 15-26

Background Primary health-care centers provide outpatient health care and primary preventive activities for people in general and for mothers and children in particular. Medical care aims not only to improve health status, but also to respond to patients' needs and wishes and to ensure their satisfaction with care. The patient-clinician relationship is a central feature of primary care.Objective The purpose of this study was firstly determining the utilization pattern of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services in urban and rural health centers in El-Minia City and secondly identifying factors affecting client dissatisfaction with the services provided by the two centers. Design Cross-sectional study. Method The study is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among two MCH centers randomly selected in El Minia City (MCH); this study included 400 female clients, 200 from each center. An anonymous questionnaire was designed by the research team to assess the performance of the provided services as well as client satisfaction. The client satisfaction part of the questionnaire included five items: waiting time, environment, doctor-client interaction, nurse-client interaction, and economic feasibility. Assessment of client satisfaction was done using a scoring system rated by three levels of response categories: satisfied, accepted, and dissatisfied. Pareto charts were drawn according to the frequency of each category showing the level of 80% cumulative percentage as cutoff, which identifies the corresponding factors related to dissatisfaction.Results The study showed that the rural center had a higher frequency of attendance regarding the curative services, antenatal care (ANC), and delivery care, while the urban center had higher attendance for family planning services, despite higher utilization of the rural center; histories of abortion and under-5-year moralities were more prevalent among customers of the rural center than those of the urban center, and clients of the urban center reported more satisfaction than those of the rural one. The most common causes of dissatisfaction were long waiting time and improper environment. Nearly 15% of the deliveries of babies in the rural center were attended by non-skilled personnel, and about half of the clients of the family planning section used intrauterine devices as a method of contraception. Conclusion MCH centers provide many services for mothers and their children, and the majority of the clients were satisfied with the services. However, the most common reason for dissatisfaction was the long waiting time.Recommendations include encouraging and rewarding any health facility that fulfills a high rate of attendance and client satisfaction, and reduction of waiting time. Attention should be directed to the environmental conditions of the rural center.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is considered a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder. The last two decades showed an increase in its prevalence until reached about 1 in 54 children. Autistic symptoms may be exacerbated when the interaction of the genetic and the environmental risk factors occur, suggesting that gene-environment interaction could be a mechanism underlying the aetiology of ASD. Aluminium is a known neurotoxic metal that has known health effects in humans. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes and their enzymes play a major role in the detoxification of many toxic metals. Data were collected from 76 children aged 2-8 years diagnosed with ASD and 30 sex and age matched healthy children. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of polymorphisms in the two GST genes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) with mean aluminium concentrations (as, gene-environment interaction) and oxidative status markers (GST enzyme, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide) among the studied groups. The study started at December 2019 and last for one year at the clinics of National Research Centre, Egypt. The results of this study showed that the null GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotype is the most common type in ASD and that genotype may predispose ASD children to decreased antioxidant status (GST enzyme activity) which in term lead to mal detoxification of aluminium. There is marked increase in aluminium concentrations in hair of ASD children and oxidative markers (increase in MDA and NO) leading to oxidative damage that may play an important role in children autistic status. The study recommends adding antioxidant supplements to daily diet of ASD children to improve their antioxidant status and in term improving management of patients with autism spectrum disorders. Further studies are needed to describe other GST gene polymorphisms.

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Background: Surveillance of infectious disease markers in the blood donor population is important in recognizing trends in prevalence and incidence of transfusion related infections in asymptomatic volunteer blood donors. Subjects & Methods: It is a community base cross sectional study. Subjects of study are volunteers to donate blood. Samples were collected from blood donors and questionnaire was designed to collect the risk factors data. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among 1,000 apparently healthy blood donors was determined. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of virus B hepatic infection and to illustrate the various socioeconomic, demographic and medical factors related to infection with HBV among apparently healthy individuals. Results: The prevalence rate of HBV was 5%. Conclusion: This study provides comprehensive and reliable information on the possible risk factors affecting spread of Hepatitis B.