Background/Aims: KLOTHO, a type-1 transmembrane protein with glucurodinase activity, is expressed in tissues responsible for calcium homeostasis such as the kidney, parathyroid gland and the epithelium of the choroid plexus in the brain. Given the emerging evidence indicating a novel regulatory function for KLOTHO protein in renal calcium and phosphate homeostasis, the present study aims to investigate the association between KLOTHO genetic polymorphisms and kidney stone (KS). Methods:KLOTHO gene polymorphisms G395A in the promoter region, F252V in exon 2, and C1818T in exon 4 were investigated in 108 patients with renal calcium stone formation and 51 age-matched healthy volunteers with no history of renal stone formation, using polymerase chain reaction. Results: GG genotype of G395A KLOTHO polymorphism had approximately 2-fold increased KS risk compared with the homozygous genotype AA and heterozygote GA (OR 1.849, 95% CI 1.016–3.364, p = 0.044). We also found that non-A allele carriers had significantly higher KS risk associated with the KS clinical characteristics including hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia and phosphaturia. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the G395A polymorphism of KLOTHO gene is associated with the KSs and may act as a risk factor for the development of KS disease.
As the National Research Council [17] described the technology management as "a process, which includes planning, directing, control and coordination of the development and implementation of technological capabilities to shape and accomplish the strategic and operational objectives of an organization'', Technology Management education is becoming more important for solving problems within organizations. Therefore, institutions of higher education need to lead the way in developing programs, curriculums, departments, and institutes addressing and meeting the needs of industries and the organizations. In this paper we evaluate the need of technology management undergraduate programs and provide some insights about this need. We realize the importance of technology management in both industrial and academic contexts and how important it is to have an interaction and collaboration between the industry organizations and universities. However, there is a lack of technology education on undergraduate level at today's universities curriculum. While there are many graduate programs on technology management in universities around the world, scholars and practitioners are paying less attention to undergraduate programs on technology management education. Therefore, we focus more on technology management education in undergraduate programs by outlining several assumptions, proposing a conceptual framework based on current debates in literature, and articulating its importance in the academic field.
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