Highlights:Graphical/Tabular Abstract Apple drying with time controlled microwave power generator Effects of microwave output power and slice thickness on microwave drying of apple slices Response surface method and central composite design Figure A. Three-dimensional response surface graphs showing the effect of microwave power and apple slice thickness on response variables. (a) Effective diffusion coefficient, (b) Color changesPurpose: In this study, the effects of microwave output power and slice thickness on microwave drying of apple slices were studied by using response surface method (RSM) in a modified domestic microwave oven. Theory and Methods:In this study, a domestic microwave oven with maximum output power of 800 W (2450 MHz) was used for drying apple slices. The microwave oven was modified to monitor the weight change of the apple slices during drying and to adjust the desired microwave output power. Using response surface method (RSM), the relationship between the independent variables of microwave output power and slice thickness and the responses of effective diffusion coefficient, drying rate constant, color change, Hue angle, total drying time and energy consumption were modeled. In the experimental design, the rotatable Box-Wilson central composite design (CCRD) approach was used. Results:The effects of the independent variables on the responses and the significance level of these effects were evaluated statistically and the optimum drying conditions were determined for the aims of min color change, total drying time, energy consumption and max Hue angle. It was seen that the obtained second order polynomial equations successfully represent the response variables. Verification experiments were performed with a maximum of 9.54% error at the recommended optimum test conditions. Conclusion:The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface curves revealed that microwave output power and slice thickness were significantly effective on response variables. It has been shown that the response surface method can be successfully applied in the microwave drying of apples.
In this study, drying kinetics of 4 mm-thick slices of Tunceli garlic (Allium tuncelianum) was investigated by using microwave technique at an interval of 90-600 W microwave output power. Ten mathematical models were used to represent the experimental data in this study. The determination of coefficient (R 2), root mean square error (RMSE), chi-square (χ 2) and percentage error (E%) values that show compatibility to these models were determined. The determination of coefficient (R 2) values were found to vary at an interval of 0.9440-0.9993. The Midilli et al model was determined to be the best model that represents the experimental data. It was seen that drying rate increases with the increase in microwave output power (P) and decreases with the increase in sample mass (m). Effective diffusion coefficients (D eff) and drying rate constants (k) were determined for different sample masses at microwave output power of 90 W. Activation energies for both effective diffusion coefficients and drying rate constants were determined by using an Arrhenius type exponential equation. Activation energies from effective diffusion coefficients and drying rate constants were found as 3.85 W g-1 and 3.99 W g-1 respectively.
ÖzOrman Genel Müdürlüğü (OGM), Güneydoğu Anadolu Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğünün 24.4101 numaralı projesi ile desteklenmiş olan bu çalışma, Elazığ Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü sınırları içerisinde yer alan Elazığ ili Sivrice ilçesi Gözeli mevkiindeki meşe ormanlarında 2009-2013 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı farklı bakılara asılan farklı renkteki küçük ve büyük yuva sandıklarında yuva yapan kuş türleri ve bu türlerin kuluçka faaliyetlerini saptamaktır. Kuluçkalarını başarı ile tamamlayan İshakkuşu (Otus scops) haricindeki kuş türlerinin hepsi, hem küçük, hem de büyük yuvaları kullanmış ve öncelikli yuva tercihleri şu şekilde olmuştur: Büyük baştankara (Parus major) küçük yuvaların %66,4'ünde, Mavi baştankara (Cyanistes caeruleus) büyük yuvaların %16,3'ünde, Sıvacı kuşu (Sitta europaea) büyük yuvaların %23,2'sinde, Kaya serçesi (Petronia petronia) küçük yuvaların %15,2'sinde, Ev Serçesi (Passer domesticus) büyük yuvaların %27,9'unda ve Otus scops ise sadece büyük yuvaların %7'sinde yuvalanmıştır.Asılan yuvalarda başarılı kuluçka durumunun farklı kuş türlerine göre bakı tercihleri arasında farklılıklar vardır. Bakı tercihlerinin büyük yuvalarda güney (%39,5), doğu (%34,9), kuzey (%16,3) ve batı (%9,3); küçük yuvalarda ise güney (%33,2), doğu (%27,2), batı (%20,8) ve kuzey (%18,8) olduğu belirlenmiştir.Farklı renklerde asılan kuş yuvalarında başarılı kuluçka yapan kuş türlerinin renk tercihleri değişmektedir. Büyük yuvalarda Parus major yeşil yuvaları, Cyanistes caeruleus sarı yuvaları, Sitta europaea turuncu yuvaları, Petronia petronia sarı ve mavi yuvaları, Passer domesticus ise sarı, mavi ve boyanmamış yuvaları daha fazla tercih etmiştir. Kuşların yuva tercihinde yuva boyutu, renk ve bakının türler arası farklılık gösterdiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir türün daha yoğun bulunduğu alanda, o türe uygun yuvanın tercih edilerek asılması, ormanlardaki biyolojik mücadele kapsamında daha verimli sonuçlar elde edilmesini sağlayacaktır. Within the all successful breeding birds only Scops Owl (Otus scops) has preferred big sized nest-boxes, whereas other species has used both small and big nest-boxes. The most preferred size of each species is as, Great tit (Parus major) used 66,4% and Rock sparrow (Petronia petronia) used 15,2% of all small nest-boxes, Blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) used 16,3%, Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) used 23,2%, House sparrow (Passer domesticus) used 27,9% and Otus scops used 7% of all the big nest-boxes. Nest-boxes positioned at different slopes were preferred by different bird species at different slopes. In big nest-boxes south (39,5%), east (34,9%), north (16,3%) and west (9,3%); in small nest-boxes south (33,2%), east (27,2%), west (20,8%) and north (18,8%) was most preferred, respectively. Preference of different colored nest-boxes was different among species. In big nestboxes Parus major has referred the green, Cyanistes caeruleus has preferred the yellow, Sitta europaea has preferred the orange, Petronia petronia has preferred the yellow and blue, Passer domesticus has p...
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