For UUT-UC, NLR is a prognostic factor for PFS and DFS, while LMR is a prognostic indicator for PFS in present series.

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In recent years, there has been a marked increase in paediatric stone disease because of the changes in dietary habits and a more sedentary lifestyle. 1 Paediatric urolithiasis has a recurrent nature because it is frequently associated with metabolic or anatomical disorders or infectious conditions. 2 The rising incidence of the disease with its recurrent nature emphasises the need for minimally invasive therapeutic options. Among the options, there are extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), semirigid ureterorenoscopy (URS) and flexible retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). 3 With the availability of smaller size instruments, RIRS became an attractive option also for children. Within years, a significant experience has been accumulated. Several previous studies reported different factors affecting the stone-free rates (SFR). 4 Stone size,

Objectives: Among males, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in Europe and the second most common cancer worldwide, especially in those aged > 70 years. With the advent of novel alternative treatments, survival in patients with advanced PCa has increased. PCa is now considered a chronic disease. Survival is an important endpoint in advanced PCa, as is quality of life (QoL). The effects of the disease and its treatment on patient health-related QoL must be taken into account when selecting the most appropriate treatment options. The present literature review aimed to provide an overview of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treatment modalities, with an emphasis on side effect profiles and general health-related QoL. Methods: PubMed was searched using the keywords metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, docetaxel, cabazitaxel, enzalutamide, abiraterone acetate, and QoL. Conclusion: Based on the studies reviewed herein, abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide provide favorable outcomes, in terms of hematological adverse events. As enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate can be taken orally, they might have a positive effect on patient QoL.

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