Background: Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in immune compromised individuals such as AIDS patients. Candida albicans alone is responsible of more than 95% of candidiasis. The increase prevalence of oral candidiasis among African HIV infected people has resulted in increased in usage of antifungal agents for both prophylactic and treatment purposes. This study aimed to detect oral candidiasis in HIV patients subjected to ART. Methods: In Wad Medani HIV center, Central Sudan, a total of 100 participants were enrolled, oral swabs were collected and processed immediately by culturing on potatoes dextrose agar (PDA), Candida species were identified on the base of morphology, germ tube test and chlamydospres formation and the participants were categorized according the WHO classification of viral stages into I, II, III and IV. Demographic data was obtained by questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS program version 21. IBM Chicago. Results: Theresults obtained revealed that 55% (55/100) % were females while 45% (45/100) % were males with an age ranging from 31 to 41 years. Candida species was detected in 21% (21/100) of tested samples, and all olated candida showed positive germ tube test and produced beta hemolysis on blood agar while chlamydospores were observed among 85.7% (18/21) and recorded as Candida albicans. Only18.75% (3/16) of stages 1 subject showed viral load of more than 40 copies/ml, while stage II,III and IV showed o %, 29.8% (17/57) and 27.3(6/22) % respectively. Oral candidiasis recorded in stages III and IV with percentage 57% (57/100) and 22% (22/100) respectively. Conclusion: There was no significant association between HIV stages and viral load among participants with oral candidiasis (p. value 0.431). The study recommendation, early detection of HIV patients to ensure good management and continuous availability of anti-retro viral drugs in AIDS centers.
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a sexually transmitted pathogen that threatens reproductive health worldwide. This study aims to screen CT urogenital infection using cytology and molecular methods in women suffering infertility. Methods: In total, 415 women suffering infertility, attending Wad Madani Maternity Hospital were included in this study and then classified into two groups: primary infertile women and secondary infertile women. Both urine (n= 415) and vaginal swab samples (n= 130) were collected and tested using Giemsa stain and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detection of CT. Results: CT was detected in 33.7% (140/415) of urine samples and 73.1% (95/130) of vaginal swab samples using Giemsa stain, compared with 44.6% (185/415) and 84.6% (110/130) using PCR, respectively. In the primary infertile group (n= 265), chlamydia was detected in 35.8% (95/265) of urine and 75% (60/80) of swab samples by Giemsa stain compared with 50.9% (135/265) and 75% (60/80) of the samples by PCR. In the secondary infertile group (n= 150), chlamydia was detected in 30% (45/150) of urine and 70% (35/50) of swab samples by Giemsa stain compared with 33.3% (50/150) and 100% (50/50) of the samples by PCR. The associated risk factors were age, lower abdominal pain, and urethritis (p< 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of Giemsa stain in detecting chlamydia compared to PCR were 86.4%, 100%, 100%, and 83.6%, respectively. Conclusions: Giemsa stain can be used as a screening test for detection of urogenital chlamydia in urine and vaginal samples in places where PCR is difficult to be performed.
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a sexually transmitted pathogen that threatens reproductive health worldwide. This study aims to screen CT urogenital infection using cytology and molecular methods in women suffering infertility. Methods: In total, 415 women suffering infertility, attending Wad Madani Maternity Hospital were included in this study and then classified into two groups: primary infertile women and secondary infertile women. Both urine (n= 415) and vaginal swab samples (n= 130) were collected and tested using Giemsa stain and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detection of CT. Results: CT was detected in 33.7% (140/415) of urine samples and 73.1% (95/130) of vaginal swab samples using Giemsa stain, compared with 44.6% (185/415) and 84.6% (110/130) using PCR, respectively. In the primary infertile group (n= 265), chlamydia was detected in 35.8% (95/265) of urine and 75% (60/80) of swab samples by Giemsa stain compared with 50.9% (135/265) and 75% (60/80) of the samples by PCR. In the secondary infertile group (n= 150), chlamydia was detected in 30% (45/150) of urine and 70% (35/50) of swab samples by Giemsa stain compared with 33.3% (50/150) and 100% (50/50) of the samples by PCR. The associated risk factors were age, lower abdominal pain, and urethritis (p< 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of Giemsa stain in detecting chlamydia compared to PCR were 86.4%, 100%, 100%, and 83.6%, respectively. Conclusions: Giemsa stain can be used as a screening test for detection of urogenital chlamydia in urine and vaginal samples in places where PCR is difficult to be performed.
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