The synthesis of nanoparticles by green method using plant extracts and its application in the biomedical consider a prosperous field of research. Therefore, in this paper, Rheum plant was used as a reducing agent in synthesis silver nanoparticles and testing its effectiveness as anti-fungal. Silver Nanoparticles have been characterized using different techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope. Where the result of the examination UV-Vis showed absorption peaks of silver nanoparticles which formatted at wavelength (425) and XRD test confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles clearly through compare peaks resulted with JCPDS card. It revealed the spectra of FTIR the existence of amine and aliphatic esters, that are involved in reducing and stabilizing AgNPs. Examination of TEM revealed that the silver nanoparticles were spherical shape and with an average size of 5-45 nm. Finally, the synthesized silver nanoparticles showed a good antifungal activity against some Candida sp. by observe inhibition zones that obtained.
Infection with Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a significant cause of acute hepatitis, posing an important public health problem worldwide. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of the immune-chromatography test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in detecting infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV). For this purpose, 5 ml of blood was collected from 176 patients (92 males and 84 females) who attended the virology unit at Kirkuk General Hospital and the serological examination unit at the pediatric hospital, as well as private clinics in Kirkuk city for the presence of clinical signs or complaint directed towards infection doubt with hepatitis A virus (HAV), during the period between March 2020 and December 2021. The seropositive rate of anti –Hepatitis A immunoglobulin M antibody was 46(26.13%) of total patients of the study, while the ratio of the seronegative of HAV was 90(51.13%). The percentage of false-positive and false-negative results by immune-chromatography (ICT) was 34(19.38%) and 6(3.4%). These findings suggest that the fast test (ICT) is not a suitable screening test for detecting specific antibodies to the hepatitis A virus due to the high frequency of false-negative results caused by the test's low sensitivity and negative predictive value. This emphasizes employing ELISA or PCR methods to confirm hepatitis A virus diagnosis in public hospitals. Although ICTs are cheap, they alone are not useful in diagnosing and deciding treatment for patients infected with Hepatitis A virus, so it is recommended to use the ELISA test to confirm the diagnosis of infection and identify the Hepatitis A virus in public hospitals, healthcare units and blood transfusion centers.
Keywords. Hepatitis A virus, Seroprevalence, immuno-chromatographic test, ELISA test, IgM
One of the most important problems confronts hospitals is the strains emergence of Enterococcus spp. with multiple resistance to antibiotics, which propel researchers to modify or produce new antibiotics or combination between two antibiotics so that to be more effective against Enterococcus . This study was aimed to susceptibility some of local Enterococcus spp. Isolates with of 21 antibiotic using disc diffusion method. The results showed absolute resistant 100% toward (Cephalexin , Gentamycin , Amikacin ,Erythromycin and Nalidixic acid), while showed a high sensitivity toward (Vancomycin and Impenem ) at percentage of 92.3% for each . Also highly inhibitory activity were observed by using penicillins antibiotics groups against most Enterococcus isolates . which contribute to that non of the isolates showed it is ability to produce beta – lactamase enzymes by iodometric tube method. Also susceptibility to some new and synergetic antibiotic like Gentamicin High level(synergy), Streptomycin High level (synergy), Linezolid, Tigecycline, Levofloxacin, Quinupristin /Dalfopristin was conducted by Vitek-2 system. the results showed the absolute sensitivity (100%) of isolates toward ( Linezolid and Tigecycline).
All isolates showed multiple –resistant prescription to antibiotics , the number of antibiotics that every isolates resisted range between 6-12 antibiotic .
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