This paper proposes an I-O SDA model, based on a commodity technology assumption, to identify the sources of changes in the energy demand structure, the non-energy input structure, the non-energy product-mix and the non-energy final demand of embodied energy requirements. The model contains two features. First, the hybrid rectangular input-output framework expressed in both monetary and physical terms is introduced to relax the effects of different energy prices among industrial sectors on the input structure in physical terms. Second, the demand structure of the input-output system is decomposed into the structure of energy sectors and other sectors by applying the hierarchy system with feedback loops of non-energy sectors. We identify the sources of the changes in Japan's energy use structure between 1985 and 1990. The major findings are that the total energy requirement has increased, mainly because of the changes in the non-energy final demand, while the product-mix changes have opposite effects, that is, energy savings.Hybrid Rectangular Input-OUTPUT Framework, Hierarchy System, Structural Decomposition Analysis,
A This paper proposes a spatial structural decomposition analysis to measure the effects of the changes in intra-and inter-country linkages on the embodied energy demand in the concerned country. For the empirical analysis, we have used the ChinaJapan inter-country input-output tables for 1985 and 1990, expressed in constant prices of 1990. The empirical results reveal that (1) at least for the period between 1985 and 1990, the effects of the non-competitive input structural changes in China on the primary energy requirements of Japan were negligible, and (2) the contribution of the Japanese final demand shifts on the total change in Chinese primary energy demand was 40 times larger than that of the Chinese final demand shifts on the primary energy requirements of Japan. The Japanese policy makers should concentrate on the energy impacts of the changes in the domestic production structure rather than the changes in the Chinese production structure.
In tracking feature points, aside from the matching problem, tracing many objects that are coming and going out of the scene is still another problem. Aframebased tracing algorithm to mark and follow the matched object is presented. Experimental results showed that the algorithm is able to successfully track multiple objects simultaneously, including entering, exiting, and continuing events. The algorithm was useful when there are many objects that enter and go out of the scene during the video taking.
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