The application of petroleum polymers and plastics in food packaging is exhibiting an increasing trend, due to low price and desirable characteristics. Nevertheless, these polymers are nonbiodegradable, nonrenewable, and require landfills. Edible polymers are suitable alternative for synthetic polymers, which can be consumed by animals or human beings without health risk. Edible packaging can protect the foodstuff from microbial and chemical deterioration during storage and distribution, which can lead to extend the quality and safety of packaged food. The plant gums as natural polymers are able to form films and coatings with good barrier properties against the transfer of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and moisture. This review summarized the production and characteristics of novel edible films and coatings based on plant gums such as tree exudate, seed, and tubers. K E Y W O R D Sedible films and coating, physico-mechanical properties, seed gum, tree exudates, tubers gums | INTRODUCTIONOver recent decades, the increasing application of synthetic polymers for food packaging caused some health and environmental concerns. 1 Polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are plastics used widely in food packaging due to their low cost, excellent resistance, and superior water barrier and protective features. Nevertheless, plastics are nondegradable and some of them are not recyclable and cause environmental consequences. To overcome these obstacles, the convincing solution is the application of biodegradable polymers. 2 Biodegradable polymers are substances that decompose into water, carbon dioxide, methane, mineral compounds, and biomass in nature. 3 Some of the polymers including polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA), and polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA) are biodegradable, but they are synthetic and produced from fossil sourced chemicals that are nonrenewable. 2 Biopolymers, promising alternatives for synthetic polymers, are classified into three groups according to their sources including biopolymers derived from biomass (eg, polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids), biopolymers synthesized from bio-derived monomers (eg, polylactic acid), and biopolymers provided by microorganisms (eg, gellan and pullulan). 3 The new approach in food packaging is the application of films and edible coatings based on biopolymers to extend the shelf-life and maintain food quality. 1,4 The edible coating is a thin layer of biopolymers applied directly in liquid form on the surface of foods by immersing or spraying method, whereas a film is prepared separately as a solid sheet, then applied as a wrapping on or between food products, as illustrated in Figure 1. 5,6 Films and coatings have been used to prevent dehydration and add shin to fruits and vegetables since the 20th century. In addition to their selective gas and moisture barrier properties, they can act as a carrier of coloration, flavoring, sweetener, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agen...
Purpose : The present study was conducted to assess the ability of probiotic bacteria and yeasts strains to reduce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in gastrointestinal simulated conditions. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic and immunosuppressive agents. Acute exposure to a high level of aflatoxins leads to aflatoxicosis, which cause rapid death due to liver failure. It is anticipated that consumption of probiotic microorganisms capable of binding aflatoxins can reduce the risk of AFB1 on human health to a certain extent. Methods: For this purpose, the bacteria (1 × 1010 cfu/mL) and yeasts count (2 × 108 cells/mL) and AFB1 concentration (10 ppb) were adjusted. Then, the samples were incubated in the simulated medium, human gastric secretions and small intestine. The concentration of residual AFB1 was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results: The native isolated bacteria and yeasts in the simulated gastrointestinal tract condition showed a significant effect on AFB1 reduction (P<0.05). The AFB1 reduction ability of native probiotic microorganisms was strain dependent. The highest binding ability in bacteria belonged to Lactobacillus rhamnosus (31.14%) and at yeasts belonged to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (30.46%). Conclusion: The use of probiotic strains is the appropriate biological method to reduce AFB1 in the human gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic bacteria could help to decrease the harmful effects of AFB1 in humans through enhancing the food safety.
Nowadays, distribution and microorganism resistance against antimicrobial compounds have caused crucial food safety problems. Hence, nanotechnology and zeolite are recognized as new approaches to manage this problem due to their inherent antimicrobial activity. Different studies have confirmed antimicrobial effects of Nano particles (NPs) (metal and metal oxide) and zeolite, by using various techniques to determine antimicrobial mechanism. This review includes an overview of research with the results of studies about antimicrobial mechanisms of nanoparticles and zeolite. Many researches have shown that type, particle size and shape of NPs and zeolite are important factors showing antimicrobial effectiveness. The use of NPs and zeolite as antimicrobial components especially in food technology and medical application can be considered as prominent strategies to overcome pathogenic microorganisms. Nevertheless, further studies are required to minimize the possible toxicity of NPs in order to apply suitable alternatives for disinfectants and antibacterial agents in food applications.
Background:Medicinal plants and their extracts are extensively used in nutrition, medicine and food industry. These plants are considered the most important natural antimicrobial antioxidants since they provide rich sources of phenolic compounds, and if resuscitated, they prevent the oxidation process. Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Hyssopus officinalis essential oil as a chemical preservative. Methods: The Hyssopus officinalis plant was collected from the mountainous regions of Kurdistan, Iran. The essential oil was extracted through distillation and analyzed and its components were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant effect was evaluated using the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging method. The antimicrobial property was assessed using the standard microdilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results:The major components of Hyssopus officinalis essential oil were found to be camphor (23.61%) and β-pinene (21.91%). The obtained results showed that the total phenolic content of this species was 23.16 mg of gallic acid per gram of the essential oil and its IC50 was 11.22 µg/mL. MIC obtained for Escherichia coli was 156.25 and MBC 312.5 µg/mL, while these figures were respectively 312.5 and 625 µg/mL for Listeria monocytogenes. Conclusions:The results obtained indicate the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial power of Hyssopus officinalis essential oil against pathogenic microorganisms. This essence can be used as an antimicrobial substance and a natural antioxidant in pharmaceutical and food industries.
Introduction: Food-borne-related illnesses are important worldwide, as they are responsible for considerable morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 384 women in Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran, who were chosen through stratified random sampling method, using a validated and reliable questionnaire prepared by the researchers. The aim of the present study was to examine the knowledge, attitude, and behaviors related to food-borne diseases among women in Tabriz who had the main responsibility for food preparation at home. Results: Women had a good level of knowledge, attitude, and practice on most important factors related to food poisoning. There was a significant relationship between women's attitude and practice, and their knowledge. Conclusion: Our results showed a good level of information of the women in Tabriz about protection against food-borne diseases; however, some practices were threats to food safety. There is a need for further education and information on the disadvantages of eating raw or semi-processed foods.
Innovative processing and packaging technologies are required to create the next generation of high-quality, healthy, safe, and sustainable food products. In this review, we overview the potential of combining edible coating materials with non-thermal processing technologies to improve the quality, increase the safety, extend the shelf life, and reduce the waste of foods and plastics. Edible coatings are typically assembled from food-grade structuring ingredients that can provide the required mechanical and barrier properties, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and/or lipids. These materials can be fortified with functional additives to further improve the quality, safety, and shelf life of coated foods by reducing ripening, gas exchange, and decay caused by bacteria and fungi. Non-thermal processing techniques include high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed light, ultrasound, and radiation technologies. These technologies can be used to inhibit the growth of pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms on packaged foods. Examples of the application of this combined approach to a range of highly perishable foods are given. In addition, the impact of these combined methods on the quality attributes of these food products is discussed.
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