Abstract. The purpose of this study is to develop an emission inventory for major anthropogenic air pollutants and VOC species in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region for the year 2007. A "bottom-up" methodology was adopted to compile the inventory based on major emission sources in the sixteen cities of this region. Results show that the emissions of SO 2 , NO x , CO, PM 10 , PM 2.5 , VOCs, and NH 3 in the YRD region for the year 2007 are 2392 kt, 2293 kt, 6697 kt, 3116 kt, 1511 kt, 2767 kt, and 459 kt, respectively. Ethylene, mp-xylene, o-xylene, toluene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 2,4-dimethylpentane, ethyl benzene, propylene, 1-pentene, and isoprene are the key species contributing 77 % to the total ozone formation potential (OFP). The spatial distribution of the emissions shows the emissions and OFPs are mainly concentrated in the urban and industrial areas along the Yangtze River and around Hangzhou Bay. The industrial sources, including power plants other fuel combustion facilities, and non-combustion processes contribute about 97 %, 86 %, 89 %, 91 %, and 69 % of the total SO 2 , NO x , PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and VOC emissions. Vehicles take up 12.3 % and 12.4 % of the NO x and VOC emissions, respectively. Regarding OFPs, the chemical industry, domestic use of paint & printing, and gasoline vehicles contribute 38 %, 24 %, and 12 % to the ozone formation in the YRD region.

Abstract. Regional trans-boundary air pollution has become an important issue in the field of air pollution modeling. This paper presents the results of the implementation of the MM5-CMAQ modeling system in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) for the months of January and July of 2004. The meteorological parameters are obtained by using the MM5 model. A new regional emission inventory with spatial and temporal allocations based on local statistical data has been developed to provide input emissions data to the MM5-CMAQ modeling system. The pollutant concentrations obtained from the MM5-CMAQ modeling system have been compared with observational data from the national air pollution monitoring network. It is found that air quality in winter in the YRD is generally worse than in summer, due mainly to unfavorable meteorological dispersion conditions. In winter, the pollution transport from Northern China to the YRD reinforces the pollution caused by large local emissions. The monthly average concentration of SO 2 in the YRD is 0.026 ± 0.011 mg m −3 in January and 0.017 ± 0.009 mg m −3 in July. Monthly average concentrations of NO 2 in the YRD in January and July are 0.021 ± 0.009 mg m −3 , and 0.014 ± 0.008 mg m −3 , respectively. The monthly average concentration of PM 10 in the YRD is 0.080 ± 0.028 mg m −3 in January and 0.025 ± 0.015 mg m −3 in July. Visibility is also a problem, with average deciview values of 26.4 ± 2.95 dcv in winter and 17.6 ± 3.3 dcv in summer. The ozone concentration in the downtown area of a city like Correspondence to: C. H. Chen (chench@saes.sh.cn) Zhoushan can be very high, with the highest simulated value reaching 0.24 mg m −3 . In January, the monthly average concentration of O 3 in the YRD is 0.052 ± 0.011 mg m −3 , and 0.054 ± 0.008 mg m −3 in July. Our results show that ozone and haze have become extremely important issues in the regional air quality. Thus, regional air pollution control is urgently needed to improve air quality in the YRD.

The world is facing a hard battle against soil pollution such as heavy metals. Metagenome sequencing, 16S rRNA sequencing, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to examine microbial adaptation mechanism to contaminated sediments under natural conditions. Results showed that sediment from a tributary of the Yellow River, which was named Dongdagou River (DDG) supported less bacterial biomass and owned lower richness than sediment from Maqu (MQ), an uncontaminated site in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Additionally, microbiome structures in these two sites were different. Metagenome sequencing and functional gene annotations revealed that sediment from DDG contains a larger number of genes related to DNA recombination, DNA damage repair, and heavy-metal resistance. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the sediment of DDG contains a greater number of enzymes associated with heavy-metal resistance and reduction. Additionally, the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, which harbored a larger suite of metal-resistance genes, were found to be the core functional phyla in the contaminated sediments. Furthermore, sediment in DDG owned higher viral abundance, indicating virus-mediated heavy-metal resistance gene transfer might be an adaptation mechanism. In conclusion, microbiome of sediment from DDG has evolved into an integrated system resistant to long-term heavy-metal pollution.

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Understanding the origin of fine particulate matter is essential to proposing proper strategies for heavy haze mitigation in Shanghai, China. In this study we used the Particulate Matter Source Apportionment Technology in Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions to quantify the impacts of emissions on the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and its important components in Shanghai during heavy haze episodes in late autumn (6-22 November 2010). The factors considered here are regions of Shanghai and its surrounding areas, long-range regional transport, and different local emission categories. The results indicate that industrial process is the dominant local contributor to total PM 2.5 mass in the whole city except that at the urban center vehicle emission contributes slightly more. In addition, industrial process and vehicle emission are the major local contributors for nitrate in Shanghai, although at urban core the contribution from vehicle emission is remarkably larger. Generally, both local contribution and regional transport contribution could dominate a severe haze event in late autumn. However, the dominant contributor could either be local emission or regional transport, usually depending on the meteorological conditions. Therefore, particular attentions should be paid to the emission control in the upwind adjacent provinces, as well as in local areas, for developing effective strategies to reduce PM 2.5 pollution in Shanghai.

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