To explore the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) invading the shrimp, sodium nitroprusside was used as an exogenous NO donor to investigate the effects of different concentrations (0 μg/L (control group), 0.3 μg/L, 0.6 μg/L, and 0.9 μg/L) of sodium nitroprusside on the EHP copy number and the structure in the hepatopancreas of Exopalaemon carinicauda infected by EHP. The results showed that the EHP copy number in the sodium nitroprusside group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the hepatopancreas in the sodium nitroprusside injection group had less structure damage than the control group. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the control group and 0.3 μg/L groups increased and then decreased, while alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity decreased and then increased, with the same trend, and, the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in the haemolymph of the 0.3 μg/L group was significantly higher than that of the control group at 3 days ( P < 0.05 ). The NO content the 0.3 μg/L group was also higher from 1 to 4 days than that in the control group and significantly higher than that in the control group at 3 days ( P < 0.05 ). The injection of NO could reduce the EHP copy number in infected E. carinicauda and slow down the pathological changes in the hepatopancreas structure, which might be related to the increase in NO content.
Exploring the relationship between the number of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in the ambient water and its infecting ability in Exopalaemon carinicauda, we set up 6 EHP-concentration groups of 0, 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105. Subsequently, we compared the differentiation of the number of EHP copies in different tissues, the change in hepatopancreas structure, and the inducible nitric oxide synthase and NO in the haemolymph. Our result showed: the number of EHP copies in each tissue would increase significantly following the increase of EHP concentration in the water. The highest EHP copy numbers were found in hepatopancreas at the same infection condition. Additionally, EHP copy numbers in hepatopancreas were positively correlated with infection time. Furthermore, histopathological results showed the damage to the hepatopancreas had severed with the concentration of EHP increasing. Also, iNOS activity and NO content in the haemolymph of shrimp were affected by the different EHP concentrations. This study revealed significant differences in the infection ability of different concentrations of EHP spores.
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