Power battery packs are the energy source of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). A precise battery state of health (SOH) estimation is crucial to ensure the security and stability of the operation of BEVs. Hence, a battery pack model is established in this study. Given that a battery pack is a complex and nonlinear system, the proposed battery pack model is simplified to reduce computational complexity, which usually produces non-Gaussian noise. Considering that the genetic resampling particle filter (GPF) performs efficiently in solving nonlinear and non-Gaussian problems, we propose a new GPF-based method for battery SOH estimation. First, a second-order equivalent circuit model of Resistance-Capacitance (RC) circuit for the battery pack is developed. The unknown parameters are identified using the recursive least squares with forgetting factor. Second, a state-space model of the GPF is developed on the basis of the equivalent circuit model. Finally, we investigate the estimation performance of the proposed model by conducting a case study using the real data collected from operating electric taxis in Beijing. Estimation results show that the proposed GPF model outperforms the particle filter method in the SOH estimation problem.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a worldwide public health problem. However, its effect on osseointegration of dental implants is largely unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate whether CKD impairs the quality of the osseointegration of titanium implants. Uremia was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy in mice, and serum levels of BUN, FGF23, PTH and ALP were significantly increased. For in vitro tests, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were obtained and cultured on titanium discs. There was no significant difference in term of expression of osteogenic marker genes including Osx, Col-1, Ocn, and Opn, as quantified by qPCR. Moreover, Alizarin Red S staining showed comparable mineralized nodules formation. Histomorphometrical analysis of experimental implants inserted in the femurs of CKD mice revealed a trend of decreased BIC ratio at 2-week healing. The strength of bone-implant integration, as measured by a push-in method, was significantly lower for the CKD group at 2 weeks, although a comparable level was reached at 4 weeks. These results demonstrated that CKD only negatively affects the osseointegration of titanium implants at the early stage.
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