) surface areas and, more importantly, the highest concentration of nitrogen incorporated into the carbon planes.Thus, in addition to the intrinsic high activity of Fe-derived catalysts, the high surface area and nitrogen doping contribute to high ORR activity. This work, for the first time, demonstrates size-controlled synthesis of large-diameter N-doped carbon tube electrocatalysts by varying the metal used in N-CNT generation. Electrocatalytic activity of the Fe-derived catalyst is already the best among studied metals, due to the high intrinsic activity of possible Fe-N coordination. This work further provides a promising route to advanced Fe-N-C nonprecious metal catalysts by generating favorable morphology with more active sites and improved mass transfer.
Current supercapacitors suffer from low energy density mainly due to the high degree of microporosity and insufficient hydrophilicity of their carbon electrodes. Development of a supercapacitor capable of simultaneously storing as much energy as a battery, along with providing sufficient power and long cycle stability would be valued for energy storage applications and innovations. Differing from commonly studied reduced graphene oxides, in this work we identified an inexpensive heteroatom polymer (polyaniline-PANI) as a carbon/nitrogen precursor, and applied a controlled thermal treatment at elevated temperature to convert PANI into 3D high-surface-area graphene-sheet-like carbon materials. During the carbonization process, various transition metals including Fe, Co, and Ni were added, which play critical roles in both catalyzing the graphitization and serving as pore forming agents. Factors including post-treatments, heating temperatures, and types of metal were found crucial for achieving enhanced capacitance performance on resulting carbon materials. Using FeCl as precursor along with optimal heating temperature 1000 °C and mixed acid treatment (HCl+HNO), the highest Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 1645 mg was achieved on the mesopore dominant graphene-sheet-like carbon materials. The unique morphologies featured with high-surface areas, dominant mesopores, proper nitrogen doping, and 3D graphene-like structures correspond to remarkably enhanced electrochemical specific capacitance up to 478 Fg in 1.0 M KOH at a scan rate of 5 mV s. Furthermore, in a real two-electrode system of a symmetric supercapacitor, a specific capacitance of 235 Fg using Nafion binder is obtained under a current density of 1 Ag by galvanostatic charge-discharge tests in 6.0 M KOH. Long-term cycle stability up to 5000 cycles by using PVDF binder in electrode was systematically evaluated as a function of types of metals and current densities.
The NanoString GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) is a new multiplexed platform that quantifies the abundance of tumor-and immune-related proteins in a spatially resolved manner. We performed DSP for the simultaneous assessment of 52 analytes within spatially resolved tissue compartments defined by pancytokeratin expression. We compared protein targets between 94 African American/Black and 65 European American/White cases, tumor and stromal tissue compartments, estrogen receptor alpha (ER)-positive and ER-negative cases, and explored potential biomarkers of survival. Of 33 analytes with robust signal for analysis, results were highly replicable. For a subset of markers, correlative analyses between DSP analytes and traditional immunohistochemistry (IHC) scores revealed moderate to very strong associations between the two platforms. Similarly, DSP analytes and gene expression scores were concordant for 21 of 25 markers with overlap between the two datasets. Several analytes varied by ER status, and across the 25 immune markers surveyed, 14 had a significant inverse association with ER expression. B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3; encoded by CD276) was the only analyte to show a significant difference by race, being lower in both the tumor and stromal compartments in Black women. DSP markers that were associated with survival included CD8, CD25, CD56, CD127, EpCAM, ER, Ki-67, and STING. We conclude that DSP is an efficient tool for screening tumorand immune-related markers in a simultaneous fashion and yields results that are concordant with established immune profiling assays. DSP immune analytes were inversely associated with ER expression, in agreement with a substantial body of previous work that documents higher immune infiltration in ERnegative breast cancers. This technology revealed that scores of the B7-H3 protein were significantly lower in breast cancers from Black women compared with White women, an intriguing finding that requires replication in independent and racially diverse female populations.
Over the past two decades, multiple studies have demonstrated the important role that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, the mechanisms by which this process occurs have only recently begun to be elucidated. Further, the extent of autonomic innervation in various cancer types and its effects on tumor molecular, immunological, and histopathological features, as well as on patient outcomes, are not yet fully characterized. In this study, we analyzed intratumoral ANS gene expression signatures, including overall intratumoral neuron growth and sympathetic and parasympathetic markers, across 32 cancer types using tumor transcriptomic and clinical annotation data available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Our analysis revealed wide variations in intratumoral ANS expression both within and across cancer types. The association of ANS signatures with tumor histopathological characteristics and survival outcomes also varied by cancer type. We found intratumoral ANS expression to be commonly correlated with angiogenesis, TGF-β signaling, and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment of many cancer types, which provide mechanistic insights into the involvement of intratumoral innervation in cancer development and progression. Our findings suggest that the potential benefits of cancer therapies targeting β-adrenergic receptor-mediated stress signaling pathways are likely dependent on cancer type.
<p>Seven forest plots depict the HRs in the ER<sup>+</sup> group for nominally significant (<i>P</i> < 0.05) survival outcome associations with PGS for seven different traits: CVD (<b>A</b>), coronary heart disease (<b>B</b>), serum albumin (<b>C</b>), C-reactive protein (<b>D</b>), SHBG (<b>E</b>), total serum protein (<b>F</b>), and hypertension (<b>G</b>). Each point on the plot represents a test between the PGS-tertile and breast cancer–related survival outcome. Green represents tertile 1. Violet represents tertile 2. Blue represents tertile 3. The <i>y</i>-axis shows the survival outcome, and the <i>x</i>-axis represents the HR. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs from the Wald test. Associations with <i>P</i> < 0.05, but HR CIs overlapping with one were removed from the plots.</p>
<p>Five forest plots depict the HRs calculated in the ER<sup>−</sup> group for nominally significant (<i>P</i> < 0.05) survival outcome associations with PGS for five different traits: serum fasting glucose (<b>A</b>), type 2 diabetes (<b>B</b>), AST (<b>C</b>), IGF-1 (<b>D</b>), and total serum protein (<b>E</b>). Each point on the plot represents a test between the PGS-tertile and breast cancer–related survival outcome. Green represents tertile 1. Violet represents tertile 2. Blue represents tertile 3. The <i>y</i>-axis shows the survival outcome, and the <i>x</i>-axis represents the HR. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs from the Wald test. Associations with <i>P</i> < 0.05, but HR CIs overlapping with one were removed from the plot.</p>
<p>Five forest plots depict the HRs calculated in the ER<sup>−</sup> group for nominally significant (<i>P</i> < 0.05) survival outcome associations with PGS for five different traits: serum fasting glucose (<b>A</b>), type 2 diabetes (<b>B</b>), AST (<b>C</b>), IGF-1 (<b>D</b>), and total serum protein (<b>E</b>). Each point on the plot represents a test between the PGS-tertile and breast cancer–related survival outcome. Green represents tertile 1. Violet represents tertile 2. Blue represents tertile 3. The <i>y</i>-axis shows the survival outcome, and the <i>x</i>-axis represents the HR. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs from the Wald test. Associations with <i>P</i> < 0.05, but HR CIs overlapping with one were removed from the plot.</p>
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