A capacity to reduce water permeability much more than oil permeability is critical to the success of gel treatments in production wells if zones cannot be isolated during gel placement. Although several researchers have reported polymers and gels that provide this disproportionate permeability reduction, the explanation for the phenomenon was unclear. In this paper, we examine several possible explanations for why some gels reduce water permeability more than oil permeability. Our experimental results indicate the disproportionate permeability reduction is not caused by gravity or lubrication effects. Results also indicate that gel shrinking and swelling are unlikely to be responsible for the phenomenon. Although wettability may play a role in the disproportionate permeability reduction, it does not appear to be the root cause for water permeability being reduced more than oil permeability. Results from an experiment with an oil-based gel suggest that segregation of oil and water pathways through a porous medium (on a microscopic scale) may play the dominant role in the disproportionate permeability reduction. However, additional work will be required to verify this concept. Experimental Procedures Gelants Studied. The study included four types of gels: (1) resorci-noVformaldehyde, (2) Cr(II1) acetatelpartially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), Marcit supplied by Marathon Oil Co., (3) glyoxaV cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), Floperm 500 supplied by Pfizer Chemical Co., and (4) 12-hydroxystearic acid/Soltrol 130 (an oilbased gel)-2% 12-hydroxystearic acid obtained from Johnson Wax Co. Two formulations of the oil-based gel were examined. Table 1 lists the compositions of these gelants. The HPAM had a molecular weight of = 2 million daltons and a 2% degree of hydrolysis. The other chemicals used in this study were reagent grade. Coreflood Sequence. In each coreflood, the core was saturated with brine and the porosity and permeability determined. Then, the core went through a cycle of oilflooding followed by waterflooding (Flow Direction 1). The endpoint oil and water permeabilities were determined at the irreducible water saturation after the oilflood and at the irreducible oil saturation after the waterflood, respectively. A constant pressure drop was maintained across the core during the process. To simulate the "pump-in, pump-out" sequence during gel
With the development of data centers (DCs), traditional air cooling system was hard to meet cooling requirement. Single-phase immersion cooling system received more attention because of high performance and low energy consumption. However, the research for such technology is not enough. In this paper, the preferred heat sink is discussed, as well the coolant. Based on this, the heat sink is optimized according to different coolant. Results showed that, the performance of pin fin heat sink was better than that of micro-channel heat sink. Different coolants had different optimal fin spacing. The optimal fin spacing of FC3283 was 3 mm; for mineral oil and EC110, it was 5 mm. EC110 has the best performance in four coolants due to high thermal conductivity and low viscosity and density. The energy consumption can be reduced up to 0.22 W, compared to use mineral oil with 1 mm fin spacing.
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