The higher reduction in tooth mobility and probing depths is probably not predominantly related to bacterial reduction in the periodontal pockets but to the de-epithelization of the periodontal pockets leading to an enhanced connective tissue attachment. The application of the diode laser in the treatment of inflammatory periodontitis at the irradiation parameters described above is a safe clinical procedure and can be recommended as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing.

No abstract

The diode laser may cause damage to periodontal hard tissues if irradiation parameters are not adequate.

The aim of the study was to investigate temperature changes at the implant-bone interface during simulated implant surface decontamination with a 809-nm gallium-aluminium-arsenid (GaAlAs) semiconductor laser. Stepped cylinder implants with a diameter of 3.8 mm and a length of 11 mm with two different surfaces (sand-blasted and acid etched, and hydroxyapatite-coated) were inserted into bone blocks cut from freshly resected pig femurs. Access holes of 0.5 mm were drilled into the bone, to allow K-type thermocouples to contact periimplant bone in different parts of the cavity. An artificial periimplant bone defect provided access for laser irradiation in the coronal third. A 600-micrometer optic fiber was used at a distance of 0.5 mm from the implant surface. Power output varied between 0.5 and 2.5 W in the continuous wave mode. The bone block was placed into a 37 degrees C water bath in order to simulate in vivo thermal conductivity and diffusitivity of heat. Temperature elevations during irradiation were registered for a period of 120 s. In mean, the critical threshold of 47 degrees C was exceeded after 9.0 s at 2.5 W, 12.5 s at 2.0 W, 18.0 s at 1.5 W and 30.5 s at 1.0 W. Surface characteristics did not have a significant effect on temperature elevations. In an energy-dependent manner, implant surface decontamination with an 809-nm GaAlAs laser must be limited in time to allow the implant and bone to cool down. Clinical guidelines are presented to avoid tissue damage.

The application of the diode laser might be an adjunct to conventional endodontic treatment when used in combination with a NaOCl/H(2)O(2) solution.

In an energy dependent manner implant surface decontamination with both laser types must be limited in time to allow the implant and bone to cool down. Clinical guidelines are presented to avoid tissue damage.

No abstract

Summary Reactive formations, resulting in wellbore instability, can obstruct the running of casing, liners, and completions. This problem is particularly acute in highly deviated, complex wellbore geometries, and long horizontal sections, where increased exposure time can lead to deteriorating hole conditions. This paper reviews the use of a novel fluid-powered Turbine Reamer Shoe (TRS) to successfully run 9⅝" casing, 7" drilling and production liners, and 4½" liners and completions through problematic intervals and hole conditions. The downhole turbine provides high speed reamer rotation without rotating the entire string, and requires minimal modification to standard running practices. The 9⅝" and 7" casing/liner running turbines present a further novel design feature: an unobstructed through bore (at API drift ID of the string on which it is run) for rapid drill out and drilling ahead. Results from over 30 onshore and offshore wells from the Manifa development, and several other fields, including Berri, Zuluf, Qatif, and Safaniya are analysed. The TRS is now becoming a technology of choice in the planning of challenging wells, to mitigate the risk of sticking, and to reduce the flat time and HSE exposure involved in conditioning the wellbore and re-running casing, liners, and completions.