The current work is concerned with the synthesis of aluminium (AA6061-T6) matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with 15 and 20 weight percentages of silicon nitride (Si3N4) particulates using the indigenously fabricated electric stir casting furnace with bottom discharge arrangement. The major concern in the synthesis of AMCs of ceramic particles with the aluminium matrix is wettability in the casting route, and it was overcome by adding 2% of magnesium in the melt, proper incorporation time, and appropriate stirring speed. The microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the synthesized AMC were analyzed. Si3N4 particles in the matrix are uniformly dispersed in the optical and scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Adding reinforcement particles of Si3N4 to the AA6061 matrix increased microhardness, macrohardness, and ultimate tensile strength significantly. Microhardness and macrohardness of the AA6161/20 wt.% Si3N4 composite were 98 VHN and 91 BHN, respectively, which were 117.8% and 111.63% higher than those of the AA6061 matrix alloy, respectively. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of AA6061 was 159.82 MPa which was increased to 249.12 MPa in the AA6061/20 wt.% Si3N4 composite. Percent elongation of the AA6061/Si3N4 composite was reduced with the addition of Si3N4 reinforcement.
Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) are broadly used to change the monolithic materials in aviation, automotive, and defense industries owing to their superior characteristics such as specific strength with light weight, greater hardness, good wear resistance, and better thermal properties. This novel work was aimed at estimating the specific wear rate (SWR) of zirconium dioxide- (ZrO2-) filled AA8011 (Al-Fe-Si alloy) matrix composites. A Taguchi method and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to find out the optimum range of control parameters on SWR of proposed composites. The stir casting technique was used to fabricate the composite specimens with varying proportions (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) of ZrO2 particle addition. The wear tests were performed as per L27 orthogonal design by using a pin-on-disk apparatus under dry conditions. For this test, four control parameters such as wt.% of ZrO2, load, disc velocity, and sliding distance each at three levels were selected. Based on the experimental results, 15 wt.% of ZrO2, 29.43 N of load, 0.94 m/s of disc velocity, and 1000 m of sliding distance provide the minimum SWR of the developed composite sample. ANOVA result revealed that the load (49.04%) was the primary dominant factor for affecting the SWR, followed by wt.% of ZrO2 content (29.24%), respectively. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed to study the wear mechanism of worn-out surface of the composite test specimens.
The addition of fillers to polymer composites induces a positive influence on the mechanical and tribological properties of the hybrid composites. These properties can be validated for possible uses such as automobile, construction, shipping, aerospace, sports equipment, electronics, and biomedical domains. In the present research, epoxy matrix reinforced with nylon-6 fibers and glass fibers were prepared using the solution blend technique. Alumina nanoparticles are added as fillers to enhance the properties of epoxy hybrid composites. The large surface area of interaction of nanofillers exhibits better adhesion between matrix and fibers of composites, and it significantly affects the various properties of composites. The tribological characteristics of fabricated epoxy hybrid composites were evaluated under various parameters and conditions. The results revealed that the addition of nanofiller significantly reduces the wear loss of epoxy hybrid nanocomposites. The wear resistance of epoxy hybrid composites increased with increase in addition of nanofiller up to 1.0%, and it slightly decreased with the further addition of filler. The Taguchi analysis was carried out for the least coefficient of friction and specific wear rate. The analysis found that the specific wear rate and coefficient of friction mainly depend on load, followed by speed and nanofiller. The fractured and worn surface of Al2O3-filled epoxy hybrid composites was analysed using SEM.
A central composite face-centered design (CCFD) was employed to examine the optimal conditions for the compression ratio of the Sardine Fish Oil Methyl Ester (SFOME) blend to the Thermal cracked Cashew Shell Nut Liquid T-CSNL blend by simultaneously considering the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions as response variables. The experimental results obtained were analyzed with the help of Design Expert software, and output response predictions were fitted with a polynomial quadratic model of the second degree. The maximum overall desirability obtained for the entire model was 0.7506 with a compression ratio of 19.31 and blend ratios of 20% for SFOME and 15.72% for T-CSNL by volume proportion. Under optimum conditions, it was found that the predicted and experimental results were very similar, and it can be concluded that the quadratic model of second-order can precisely predict the performance and emission characteristics of engines.Energies 2018, 11, 3508 2 of 13 largely responsible for the above-mentioned problems which can be decreased by transesterification, pyrolysis, emulsification, preheating, and blending with diesel.Transesterification is the reaction between a triglyceride and alcohol in the existence of a catalyst, resulting in fatty acid esters and an alcohol [6]. The most commonly used alcohols for the production of biodiesels in transesterification reactions are methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol. However, the most frequently utilized alcohols are methanol and ethanol [7]. Some of the commonly used catalysts to increase the reaction rate are acids, bases, or enzymes. The raw materials used for biodiesel production include edible vegetable oils, such as linseed, soybean, hazelnut, rapeseed canola, and coconut oil; non-edible vegetable oils, such as pongamiapinnata, azadirachtaindica, Moringaoleifera, and Crotonmegalocarpus; and animal fats and cooking oil waste from food processing units, restaurants, or domestic kitchens [8]. In India, the cost of the raw oil used to produce biodiesels is an important factor in the price of biodiesel and determines the effectiveness of petroleum-products derived from crude oil. Moreover, the use of oil from edible oil-bearing plants to produce biodiesel in India is not feasible because of the large gap between demand and supply that restricts the use of edible oil as feedstock for biodiesel production [9]. In this context, the search for a non-edible feedstock as a cheap, environmentally friendly, and stable raw oil source has attracted great attention. Many researchers have put effort into minimizing the costs incurred during the production of oil feedstock, and hence, the exploration of new techniques to curtail the cost of biodiesels has attracted much interest in current research [10,11]. In this context the low cost, low value Thermally cracked Cashew Shell Nut Liquid (TCSNL) oil is considered an alternate fuel source. Over the past years, ma...
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