The versatility of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) makes them promising for various applications, and good combinations could make the system more applicable and economically effective. An integrated BES called microbial electrolysis and desalination cell (MEDC) was developed to concurrently desalinate salt water, produce hydrogen gas, and potentially treat wastewater. The reactor is divided into three chambers by inserting a pair of ion exchange membranes, with each chamber serving one of the three functions. With an added voltage of 0.8 V, lab scale batch study shows the MEDC achieved the highest H(2) production rate of 1.5 m(3)/m(3) d (1.6 mL/h) from the cathode chamber, while also removing 98.8% of the 10 g/L NaCl from the middle chamber. The anode recirculation alleviated pH and high salinity inhibition on bacterial activity and further increased system current density from 87.2 to 140 A/m(3), leading to an improved desalination rate by 80% and H(2) production by 30%. Compared to slight changes in desalination, H(2) production was more significantly affected by the applied voltage and cathode buffer capacity, suggesting cathode reactions were likely affected by the external power supply in addition to the anode microbial activity.

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Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a reliable method for assessing gene expression, provided that suitable reference genes are included to normalize the data. The stability of expression of eight potential reference genes, namely, tubulin (alpha-2,4 tubulin), actin, EF1 α (elongation factor 1 α), UBC (ubiquitin C), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), psaA (photosynthesis-related plastid gene representing photosystem I), PP2Acs (catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A), and PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase), was assessed in chrysanthemum plants subjected to aphid infestation, heat stress or waterlogging stress using geNorm software. The widely used reference gene EF1 α performed well for aphid infested plants but poorly for waterlogged ones. The catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Acs) was the best performing one during heat and waterlogging stress, but was the worst during aphid infestation. The commonly used reference gene actin was generally the least stable of the set. No single gene was suitable for normalization on its own. The choice of reference gene(s) is an important factor in gene expression studies based on RT-qPCR.

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