A two-step response surface method for multiscale finite element model (FEM) updating and validation is presented with respect to Guanhe Bridge, a composite cable-stayed bridge in the National Highway number G15, in China. Firstly, the state equations of both multiscale and single-scale FEM are established based on the basic equation in structural dynamic mechanics to update the multiscale coupling parameters and structural parameters. Secondly, based on the measured data from the structural health monitoring (SHM) system, a Monte Carlo simulation is employed to analyze the uncertainty quantification and transmission, where the uncertainties of the multiscale FEM and measured data were considered. The results indicate that the relative errors between the calculated and measured frequencies are less than 2%, and the overlap ratio indexes of each modal frequency are larger than 80% without the average absolute value of relative errors. These demonstrate that the proposed method can be applied to validate the multiscale FEM, and the validated FEM can reflect the current conditions of the real bridge; thus it can be used as the basis for bridge health monitoring, damage prognosis (DP), and safety prognosis (SP).
Woven timber arch bridges date back over 1000 years in China but were only rediscovered in the 1980s. Combining ‘beam-weaving’ techniques with mortise-and-tenon joints, they provide visually elegant structures with strong mechanical performance. As reported in this paper, the ‘warp and weft’ design has been enjoying a resurgence in recent years, not just for bridges but also in architecture and furniture. The origins, cultural significance and renaissance of woven arch bridges are explored together with their distinctive structural features and construction methods.
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