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Objective This study aimed to identify and rank the different aspects of households’ vulnerability to food insecurity. Design The data was collected by a standard online questionnaire. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was used to assess food insecurity levels, and first-order structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to determine factors that affect food insecurity. Seven dimensions of vulnerability were measured: economic, social, cultural, human, physical, psychology, and information, using 37 items extracted from the related literature review. Setting This study was implemented in Tehran province in Iran Participants The sample included 392 families residing in Tehran province which was determined using random sampling Results About 61% of the total sample faced food insecurity, at marginal, moderate, and severe levels. Economic, psychological, and human aspects of vulnerability had the highest effect on food insecurity during the initial COVID-19 lockdown. Conclusions Authorities and policy-makers must provide economic and financial support to vulnerable households. Abolition of U.S. economic and financial sanctions imposed on Iran must be implemented to battle with COVID-19 in this country.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. We thank the participants in the workshops sponsored by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) at the University of California, Riverside and ADB's headquarters in Manila. We also thank political scientists at Korbel School, and professors Barry Hughes, Devin Joshi, Aaron Schneider, and Tim Sisk for their kind suggestions. We also thank Derek Sarchet and Jacob Fuller for valuable research assistance. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. Terms of use: Documents in ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term "country" in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Note: In this publication, "$" refers to US dollars.The ADB Economics Working Paper Series is a forum for stimulating discussion and eliciting feedback on ongoing and recently completed research and policy studies undertaken by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) staff, consultants, or resource persons. The series deals with key economic and development problems, particularly those facing the Asia and Pacific region; as well as conceptual, analytical, or methodological issues relating to project/program economic analysis, and statistical data and measurement. The series aims to enhance the knowledge on Asia's development and policy challenges; strengthen analytical rigor and quality of ADB's country partnership strategies, and its subregional and country operations; and improve the quality and availability of statistical data and development indicators for monitoring development effectiveness.