The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved signaling transduction module that transduces extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses in plants. Early studies of plant MAPKs focused on their functions in model plants. Based on the results of whole-genome sequencing, many MAPKs have been identified in horticultural plants, such as tomato and apple. Recent studies revealed that the MAPK cascade also plays crucial roles in the biotic and abiotic stress responses of horticultural plants. In this review, we summarize the composition and classification of MAPK cascades in horticultural plants and recent research on this cascade in responses to abiotic stresses (such as drought, extreme temperature and high salinity) and biotic stresses (such as pathogen infection). In addition, we discuss the most advanced research themes related to plant MAPK cascades, thus facilitating research on MAPK cascade functions in horticultural plants.

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Device‐to‐device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks is an effective way to improve spectral efficiency and alleviate the traffic load of base stations, therefore it is considered as one of the key technologies in the fifth generation mobile communications, also referred to as IMT‐2020. However, it also introduces interference between D2D terminals and cellular users. In this work, we adopt both exclusion regions (ERs) and open‐loop fraction power control (OFPC) to mitigate the D2D‐to‐Cellular interference in a multicell uplink spectrum‐sharing scenario. We derive the closed‐form expressions of outage probability (OP) and area spectral efficiency (ASE) using stochastic geometry, and reveal the impact of the D2D user equipment (DUE) density versus cellular user equipment (CUE) density (in other words, how many DUEs can reuse the resource of a CUE per cell), D2D communication distance, different ER sizes, and of the compensation factor in OFPC. Numerical results show that adopting ERs could both decrease the OP of cellular users and increase the network ASE, and a proper ER radius can be selected by network operators according to their target OP, D2D users' density, and the communication distance of D2D users. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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